Effects of Combined Upper and Lower Limb Plyometric Training Interventions on Physical Fitness in Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Nuannuan Deng, Kim Geok Soh, Zeinab Zaremohzzabieh, Borhannudin Abdullah, Kamariah Md Salleh, Dandan Huang, Nuannuan Deng, Kim Geok Soh, Zeinab Zaremohzzabieh, Borhannudin Abdullah, Kamariah Md Salleh, Dandan Huang

Abstract

Objective: We aimed to meta-analyze the effects of combined upper and lower limb plyometric training (ULLPT) on physical fitness attributes in athletes. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and SCOPUS, for up to 13 August 2022. Controlled studies with baseline and follow-up measures were included if they examined the effects of ULLPT on at least one measure of physical fitness indices in athletes. A random effects meta-analysis was performed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. Results: Fifteen moderate-to-high-quality studies with 523 participants aged 12−22.4 years were included in the analyses. Small to large (ES = 0.42−1.66; p = 0.004 to <0.001) effects were noted for upper and lower body muscle power, linear sprint speed, upper and lower body muscle strength, agility, and flexibility, while no significant effects on static and dynamic balance were noted (ES = 0.44−0.10; all p > 0.05). Athletes’ sex, age, and training program variables had no modulator role on the effects of ULLPT in available data sets. Conclusions: ULLPT induces distinct neuro-muscular adaptations in the upper and lower body musculature and is an efficient method for enhancing athletes’ physical fitness.

Keywords: athletes; plyometric training; power; sprint; strength.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow diagram of the search process.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Forest plot of changes in MBT performance (A) [32,52,54,57,58,62], CMJ performance (B) [31,32,52,56,57,58,59,62,63], CMJa performance (C) [32,51,52,58,60], and squat jump performance (D) [32,52,56,63], in athletes participating in combined upper and lower limb plyometric training (ULLPT) compared to controls. Values shown are effect sizes (Hedges’ g) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The size of the plotted squares reflects the statistical weight of the study.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Forest plot of changes in 5 m sprint performance (A) [32,56,63], 20 m sprint performance (B) [32,62,63], and 30 m sprint performance (C) [32,58,60,63,64], in athletes participating in combined upper and lower limb plyometric training (ULLPT) compared to controls. Values shown are effect sizes (Hedges’s g) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The size of the plotted squares reflects the statistical weight of the study.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Forest plot of changes in upper body strength performance (A) [31,32,53,55,61,64] and lower body strength performance (B) [31,53,55,61] in athletes participating in combined upper and lower limb plyometric training (ULLPT) compared to controls. Values shown are effect sizes (Hedges’s g) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The size of the plotted squares reflects the statistical weight of the study.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Forest plot of changes in agility performance [32,54,58,60,63] in athletes participating in combined upper and lower limb plyometric training (ULLPT) compared to controls. Values shown are effect sizes (Hedges’s g) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The size of the plotted squares reflects the statistical weight of the study.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Forest plot of changes in flexibility performance [54,60,61,62,64] in athletes participating in combined upper and lower limb plyometric training (ULLPT) compared to controls. Values shown are effect sizes (Hedges’s g) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The size of the plotted squares reflects the statistical weight of the study.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Forest plot of changes in static balance performance (A) [32,53,60,63] and dynamic balance performance (B) [32,60,64] in athletes participating in combined upper and lower limb plyometric training (ULLPT) compared to controls. Values shown are effect sizes (Hedges’s g) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The size of the plotted squares reflects the statistical weight of the study.

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Source: PubMed

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