Effectiveness of Interventions and Behaviour Change Techniques for Improving Dietary Intake in Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs

Lee M Ashton, Thomas Sharkey, Megan C Whatnall, Rebecca L Williams, Aaron Bezzina, Elroy J Aguiar, Clare E Collins, Melinda J Hutchesson, Lee M Ashton, Thomas Sharkey, Megan C Whatnall, Rebecca L Williams, Aaron Bezzina, Elroy J Aguiar, Clare E Collins, Melinda J Hutchesson

Abstract

Poor eating habits are common during young adulthood and influence chronic disease morbidity. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of interventions aiming to improve dietary intake among young adults and, identifies which behaviour change techniques (BCTs) are most effective. Six electronic databases were searched for RCTs published until October 2018, and evaluating behavioural interventions assessing change in dietary intake in young adults (17-35 years). Of the 18,779 articles identified, 54 were included. Forty studies focused on fruit and/or vegetable intake, of which 63% showed a significant between-group difference in favour of the intervention group. Meta-analysis (n = 17) demonstrated a significant increase in fruit and vegetable intake of +68.6 g/day after three months of intervention and +65.8 g/day for interventions >3 months when compared to control. A meta-analysis (n = 5) on total energy intake found no significant differences between groups. The BCTs with the highest effectiveness ratio were habit formation (100%), salience of consequences (83%) and adding objects to the environment (70%). The review highlights the potential of behavioural interventions to improve young adults' fruit and vegetable intake but was less convincing for other dietary outcomes. Due to the lack of studies including each BCT, the BCTs imperative to success could not be identified.

Keywords: behaviour change techniques; meta-analysis; nutrition; systematic review; young adults.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA flow diagram of included studies.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Percentage of studies from risk of bias assessment that were categorised as low, high or unclear risk for individual risk components.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Mean differences between arms in Total Energy intake (kJ/day) over time.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Mean differences between arms in fruit and vegetable intake (g/day) over time.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Percentage effectiveness of behaviour change techniques.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Percentage effectiveness of interventions by number of behaviour change techniques.

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Source: PubMed

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