Influence of ginger and cinnamon intake on inflammation and muscle soreness endued by exercise in Iranian female athletes

Nafiseh Shokri Mashhadi, Reza Ghiasvand, Gholamreza Askari, Awat Feizi, Mitra Hariri, Leila Darvishi, Azam Barani, Maryam Taghiyar, Afshin Shiranian, Maryam Hajishafiee, Nafiseh Shokri Mashhadi, Reza Ghiasvand, Gholamreza Askari, Awat Feizi, Mitra Hariri, Leila Darvishi, Azam Barani, Maryam Taghiyar, Afshin Shiranian, Maryam Hajishafiee

Abstract

Background: Ginger rhizomes (rich in gingerols, shogaols, paradols and zingerone) have been used in Asia for the treatment of asthma, diabetes, and pain, and have shown potent anti-inflammatory attributes. Common spices such as Cinnamon (including cinnamic aldehyde and cinnamyl aldehydeis) are used in food and many studies have focused on its anti-inflammatory components. Intense exercise can result in an inflammatory response to cell damage and also muscle soreness. The efficacy of dietary ginger and cinnamon as anti-inflammatory agents and their effectiveness in reducing muscle soreness has been investigated in limited studies on humans. Therefore, we have studied the effects of dietary ginger and cinnamon on inflammation and muscle soreness in Iranian female taekwondo players.

Methods: Sixty healthy, trained women, aged 13-25 years, were enrolled in the six-week investigation and randomly categorized into three groups (cinnamon, ginger or placebo) and received 3 g of ginger, cinnamon or placebo powder each day, depending on the group they belonged to. The IL-6 level and Likert Scale of Muscle Soreness were evaluated at the beginning and the end of the study and compared among the groups.

Results: Forty-nine of the participants completed the six-week intervention. There were no significant changes in the IL-6 cinnamon and ginger group when compared with the placebo group, whereas, there was a significant fall in muscle soreness in the cinnamon group and placebo (P < 0.1) and ginger group and placebo (P < 0.01).

Conclusions: Administration of ginger and cinnamon in athlete women for six weeks did not show any significant change in the IL-6 level, but showed a decrease in muscle soreness in the cinnamon and ginger groups.

Keywords: Athletes; cinnamon; ginger; inflammation; muscle soreness.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest: The authors have declared that there is no conflict of interest

References

    1. White B. Ginger: An overview. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75:1689–91.
    1. Wattanathorn J, Jittiwat J, Tongun T, Muchimapura S, Ingkaninan K. Zingiber officinale mitigates brain damage and improves memory impairment in focal cerebral ischemic rat. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:429505.
    1. Van Breemen RB, Tao Y, Li W. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in ginger (Zingiber officinale) Fitoterapia. 2011;82:38–43.
    1. Nurtjahja-Tjendraputra E, Ammit AJ, Roufogalis BD, Tran VH, Duke CC. Effective anti-platelet and COX-1 enzyme inhibitors from pungent constituents of ginger. Thromb Res. 2003;111:259–65.
    1. Han AR, Kim MS, Jeong YH, Lee SK, Seo EK. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory phenylbutenoids from the rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2005;53:1466–8.
    1. Grzanna R, Lindmark L, Frondoza CG. Ginger-an herbal medicinal product with broad anti-inflammatory actions. J Med Food. 2005;8:125–32.
    1. Jeong CH, Bode AM, Pugliese A, Cho YY, Kim HG, Shim JH, et al. [6]-Gingerol suppresses colon cancer growth by targeting leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Cancer Res. 2009;69:5584–91.
    1. Ramadan G, Al-Kahtani MA, El-Sayed WM. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of Curcuma longa (turmeric) versus Zingiber officinale (ginger) rhizomes in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. Inflammation. 2011;34:291–301.
    1. Li XH, McGrath KC, Nammi S, Heather AK, Roufogalis BD. Attenuation of liver pro-inflammatory responses by Zingiber officinale via inhibition of NF-kappa B activation in high-fat diet-fed rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2012;110:238–44.
    1. Brahmachari S, Jana A, Pahan K. Sodium benzoate, a metabolite of cinnamon and a food additive, reduces microglial and astroglial inflammatory responses. J Immunol. 2009;183:5917–27.
    1. Tung YT, Chua MT, Wang SY, Chang ST. Anti-inflammation activities of essential oil and its constituents from indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum) twigs. Bioresour Technol. 2008;99:3908–13.
    1. Khuwijitjaru P, Sayputikasikorn N, Samuhasaneetoo S. Subcritical water extraction of flavoring and phenolic compounds from cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) J Oleo Sci. 2012;61:349–55.
    1. Qin B, Panickar KS, Anderson RA. Cinnamon: Potential role in the prevention of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2010;4:685–93.
    1. Cao H, Urban JF, Jr, Anderson RA. Cinnamon polyphenol extract affects immune responses by regulating anti- and pro inflammatory and glucose transporter gene expression in mouse macrophages. J Nutr. 2008;138:833–40.
    1. Kwon HK, Hwang JS, Lee CG, So JS, Sahoo A, Im CR, et al. Cinnamon extract suppresses experimental colitis through modulation of antigen-presenting cells. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17:976–86.
    1. Chatzinikolaou A, Fatouros IG, Gourgoulis V, Avloniti A, Jamurtas AZ, Nikolaidis MG, et al. Time course of changes in performance and inflammatory responses after acute plyometric exercise. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24:1389–98.
    1. Liburt NR, Adams AA, Betancourt A, Horohov DW, McKeever KH. Exercise-induced increases in inflammatory cytokines in muscle and blood of horses. Equine Vet J Suppl. 2010;38:280–8.
    1. Streltsova JM, McKeever KH, Liburt NR, Gordon ME, Filho HM, Horohov DW. Effect of orange peel and black tea extracts on markers of performance and cytokine markers of inflammation in horses. Physiology. Equine Comp Exerc Physiol. 2006;3:121–30.
    1. Liburt NR, McKeever KH, Streltsova JM, Franke WC, Gordon ME, Filho HM, et al. Effects of ginger and cranberry extracts on the physiological response to exercise and markers of inflammation in horses. Comp Exerc Physiol. 2009;6:157–69.
    1. Zimmermann K, Leidl C, Kaschka M, Carr RW, Terekhin P, Handwerker HO, et al. Central projection of pain arising from Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) in human subjects. PLoS One. (e47230) 2012;7
    1. Cheung K, Hume P, Maxwell L. Delayed onset muscle soreness: treatment strategies and performance factors. Sports Med. 2003;33:145–64.
    1. Connolly DA, Sayers SP, McHugh MP. Treatment and prevention of delayed onset muscle soreness. J Strength Cond Res. 2003;17:197–208.
    1. Vickers AJ. Time course of muscle soreness following different types of exercise. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2001;2:5.
    1. Tung YT, Chua MT, Wang SY, Chang ST. Anti-inflammation activities of essential oil and its constituents from indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum) twigs. Bioresour Technol. 2008;99:3908–13.
    1. Gaus K, Huang Y, Israel DA, Pendland SL, Adeniyi BA, Mahady GB. Standardized ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract reduces bacterial load and suppresses acute and chronic inflammation in Mongolian gerbils infected with cagAHelicobacter pylori. Pharm Biol. 2009;47:92–8.
    1. Black CD, Herring MP, Hurley DJ, O'Connor PJ. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) reduces muscle pain caused by eccentric exercise. J Pain. 2010;11:894–903.
    1. Black CD, O'Connor PJ. Acute effects of dietary ginger on muscle pain induced by eccentric exercise. Phytother Res. 2010;24:1620–6.
    1. Haghdoost A, Baneshi MR, Zolala F, Farvahari S, Safizadeh H. Estimation of basic reproductive number of flu-like syndrome in a primary school in Iran. Int J Prev Med. 2012;3:408–13.
    1. Adibi P, Akbari L, Kahangi LS, Abdi F. Health-state utilities in liver cirrhosis: A cross-sectional study. Int J Prev Med. 2012;3(Suppl 1):S94–S101.

Source: PubMed

Patrocinadores e Colaboradores

Condições médicas

Intervenções de drogas

3
Se inscrever