Candidate mechanisms for capecitabine-related hand-foot syndrome

Abstract

Aims: The oral fluoropyrimidine prodrug capecitabine is widely used in oncology. Capecitabine was designed to generate 5FU via the thymidine phosphorylase (TP) enzyme, preferentially expressed in tumoral tissues. Hand-foot syndrome (HFS) is a limiting toxicity of capecitabine. A pilot study on healthy volunteers was conducted in order to test the hypothesis that the occurrence of HFS could be related to tissue-specific expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes in the skin of the palm and sole. To this end, the expression of TP (activating pathway), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD, catabolic pathway) and cell proliferation (Ki67) were measured in the skin of the palm (target tissue for HFS) and of the lower back (control area).

Methods: Two paired 4-mm diameter punch biopsy specimens (palm and back) were taken in 12 healthy volunteers. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed on frozen tissues.

Results: Proliferation rate (Ki67 staining) was significantly higher in epidermal basal cells of the palm compared with the back (P = 0.008). Also, TP and DPD expression were significantly greater in the palm relative to the back (P = 0.039 and 0.012, respectively). TP and Ki67 expression were positively and significantly correlated in the palm.

Conclusions: The high proliferation rate of epidermal basal cells in the palm could make them more sensitive to the local action of cytotoxic drugs. TP-facilitated local production of 5FU in the palm during capecitabine treatment could explain the occurrence of HFS. This observation may support future strategies to limit the occurrence of HFS during capecitabine therapy.

Figures

Figure 1

Capecitabine metabolic pathways

Figure 2

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) immunoreactivity in skin biopsy specimens from the palm (A, ×1000) and back (B, ×1000), subject 3

Figure 3

Ki67 immunoreactivity in skin biopsy specimens from the palm (A, ×1000) and back (B, ×1000), subject 9

Figure 4

Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) immunoreactivity in skin biopsy specimens from the palm (A, ×1000) and back (B, ×1000), subject 3