MRI-Targeted or Standard Biopsy for Prostate-Cancer Diagnosis

Abstract

Background: Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with or without targeted biopsy, is an alternative to standard transrectal ultrasonography-guided biopsy for prostate-cancer detection in men with a raised prostate-specific antigen level who have not undergone biopsy. However, comparative evidence is limited.

Methods: In a multicenter, randomized, noninferiority trial, we assigned men with a clinical suspicion of prostate cancer who had not undergone biopsy previously to undergo MRI, with or without targeted biopsy, or standard transrectal ultrasonography-guided biopsy. Men in the MRI-targeted biopsy group underwent a targeted biopsy (without standard biopsy cores) if the MRI was suggestive of prostate cancer; men whose MRI results were not suggestive of prostate cancer were not offered biopsy. Standard biopsy was a 10-to-12-core, transrectal ultrasonography-guided biopsy. The primary outcome was the proportion of men who received a diagnosis of clinically significant cancer. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of men who received a diagnosis of clinically insignificant cancer.

Results: A total of 500 men underwent randomization. In the MRI-targeted biopsy group, 71 of 252 men (28%) had MRI results that were not suggestive of prostate cancer, so they did not undergo biopsy. Clinically significant cancer was detected in 95 men (38%) in the MRI-targeted biopsy group, as compared with 64 of 248 (26%) in the standard-biopsy group (adjusted difference, 12 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4 to 20; P=0.005). MRI, with or without targeted biopsy, was noninferior to standard biopsy, and the 95% confidence interval indicated the superiority of this strategy over standard biopsy. Fewer men in the MRI-targeted biopsy group than in the standard-biopsy group received a diagnosis of clinically insignificant cancer (adjusted difference, -13 percentage points; 95% CI, -19 to -7; P<0.001).

Conclusions: The use of risk assessment with MRI before biopsy and MRI-targeted biopsy was superior to standard transrectal ultrasonography-guided biopsy in men at clinical risk for prostate cancer who had not undergone biopsy previously. (Funded by the National Institute for Health Research and the European Association of Urology Research Foundation; PRECISION ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02380027 .).

Figures

Figure 1.. Enrollment, Randomization, and Follow-up of the Participants.

Men who were randomly assigned to the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–targeted biopsy group underwent MRI. If the MRI revealed results that were suggestive of prostate cancer, the participant underwent a targeted biopsy; men whose MRI results were not suggestive of prostate cancer were not offered biopsy. Men who were assigned to the standard-biopsy group underwent standard transrectal ultrasonography–guided biopsy. PSA denotes prostate-specific antigen.

Figure 2.. Intention-to-Treat, Modified Intention-to-Treat, and Per-Protocol Analyses of the Primary Outcome for the Detection of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer.

Shown are the absolute differences between the MRI-targeted biopsy group and the standard-biopsy group in the rates of detection of clinically significant cancer. The intention-to-treat analysis included all the participants who underwent randomization, the modified intention-to-treat analysis excluded participants who did not complete a diagnostic test strategy, and the per-protocol analysis included only participants who underwent the randomly assigned testing procedure as specified in the protocol. If the lower boundary of the two-sided 95% confidence interval for the difference (MRI-targeted biopsy group minus standard-biopsy group) was greater than −5 percentage points (dashed line), then MRI, with or without targeted biopsy, would be deemed to be noninferior. If the lower boundary was greater than zero (solid line), superiority would be claimed.

Figure 3.. Percentages of Men with Clinically Significant, Clinically Insignificant, and No Cancer, Identified According to PI-RADS v2 Score.

For men randomly assigned to the MRI-targeted biopsy group, the areas of the prostate were scored with the use of the Prostate Imaging–Reporting and Data System, version 2 (PI-RADS v2). Scores range from 1 to 5, with higher numbers indicating a greater likelihood of clinically significant cancer; a score of 3 indicates equivocal results, 4 results that are likely to be prostate cancer, and 5 results that are highly likely to be prostate cancer. Men who had a score of 3 or higher underwent MRI-targeted biopsy. Clinically significant cancer was defined as the presence of a single biopsy core indicating disease of Gleason score 3+4 (Gleason sum of 7) or greater, and clinically insignificant cancer as a biopsy sample with a Gleason score of 3+3 (Gleason sum of 6). The Gleason score is composed of a primary (most predominant) grade plus a secondary (highest nonpredominant) grade; the range for a primary or secondary grade is from 3 to 5, with the Gleason sum ranging from 6 to 10, and with higher scores indicating a more aggressive form of prostate cancer. Percentages may not total 100 because of rounding.