Trichromatic Enhanced Dynamic Color Screening on the PDI Check Nintendo 3DS Game

Abstract

Introduction: Classification of color deficiency has required substantial time and expense with the static Farnsworth-Munsell and Innova Rabin tests. Therefore, dynamic color tests were developed for the Nintendo 3DS.

Methods: Fifteen color deficient patients and 17 age-matched normals performed Rabin color test in addition to PDI Check dynamic color games resembling Farnsworth-Munsell presentation (version 0.2.8) and 3-color iso-luminance gray (version 0.2.13).

Results: Tests of red, green and blue cone-deficient with the v0.2.8 had sensitivity/specificity/PPV of 92%/86%/92% protanopes, 78%/90%/88% deutanopes and 87%/50%/93% tritanopes. Version 0.2.13 had sens/spec/PPV of 78%/83%/78% red-cone, 100%/85%/80% green cone and 67%/78%/33% blue cone. Corresponding IntraClass Correlation (ICC) utilizing v0.2.8 were red-cone 0.22 (-0.02-0.60), green-cone 0.34 (-0.10-0.67) and blue-cone 0.38 (0.12-0.75). ICC for v0.2.13 was higher with protanope 0.62 (-0.07-0.87), deuteranope 0.64 (-0.09-0.88) and tritanope 0.31 (-0.07-0.70). The PDI Check color game took 65 seconds compared to 197 seconds for Innova Rabin.

Conclusion: The PDI Check color game quickly identifies patients with inherited color deficiencies.

Keywords: Farnsworth-Munsell; Rabin color cone test; color blindness; deuteranomaly; dynamic; protanomaly; vision screening.

Conflict of interest statement

Robert Arnold, Kyle Smith, Aaron Molina and Alex Damarjian are board members of PDI Check. Robert Arnold and Alex Damarjian have patent pending on autostereoscopic vision screening. Robert Arnold is also President of Glacier Medical Software and is coordinator of the Alaska Blind Child Discovery which has received discounted vision screen technology from several vendors. Robert Arnold reports non-financial support from PDI Check, during the conduct of the study; non-financial support from and being a board member of Glacier Medical Software, non-financial support from GoCheck Kids, PlusoptiX, Adaptica, and iScreen, and non-financial support from and being an investigator and protocol developer for PEDIG, outside the submitted work. Andrew Arnold and Tarah Desatoff report no financial conflicts. The authors report no other potential conflicts of interest for this work.

© 2021 Arnold et al.

Figures

Figure 1

Bland Altman analysis of color scores comparing PDI Check gray disc with Innova Rabin trichromatic scores averaged with both eyes for age-matched normal and patients with inherited color deficiencies.