Language repetition and short-term memory: an integrative framework

Steve Majerus, Steve Majerus

Abstract

Short-term maintenance of verbal information is a core factor of language repetition, especially when reproducing multiple or unfamiliar stimuli. Many models of language processing locate the verbal short-term maintenance function in the left posterior superior temporo-parietal area and its connections with the inferior frontal gyrus. However, research in the field of short-term memory has implicated bilateral fronto-parietal networks, involved in attention and serial order processing, as being critical for the maintenance and reproduction of verbal sequences. We present here an integrative framework aimed at bridging research in the language processing and short-term memory fields. This framework considers verbal short-term maintenance as an emergent function resulting from synchronized and integrated activation in dorsal and ventral language processing networks as well as fronto-parietal attention and serial order processing networks. To-be-maintained item representations are temporarily activated in the dorsal and ventral language processing networks, novel phoneme and word serial order information is proposed to be maintained via a right fronto-parietal serial order processing network, and activation in these different networks is proposed to be coordinated and maintained via a left fronto-parietal attention processing network. This framework provides new perspectives for our understanding of information maintenance at the non-word-, word- and sentence-level as well as of verbal maintenance deficits in case of brain injury.

Keywords: attention; language; repetition; serial order; short-term memory; working memory.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Outline of the networks and processes proposed to support maintenance processes during single word and short non-word repetition. Maintenance during short non-word repetition is mainly supported by the dorsal language pathway, linking the superior and posterior temporal cortex to the posterior inferior frontal cortex, and, at the cognitive level, reflects temporary activation and interfacing of input and output phonological item representations. Maintenance of single word repetition is also supported by the dorsal language pathway, but with additional intervention of the ventral language pathway, linking the middle and anterior temporal cortex to a more anterior site of the inferior frontal cortex, and reflects temporary activation of semantic item representations. The frontal endpoints of each pathway are further involved in protecting to-be-maintained information against phonological and semantic interference, respectively. The numbers indicate the main Brodman areas characterizing each functional region identified here.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Outline of the networks and processes proposed to support maintenance during multiple non-word and word sequence repetition, including sentence repetition. Bilateral fronto-parietal networks, supporting domain-general attentional and serial order processing, intervene in addition to the dorsal and ventral language pathways involved in the maintenance of phonological and semantic item information. In the left hemisphere, the fronto-parietal network associating the left intraparietal sulcus to the left superior and middle prefrontal cortex is proposed to support the maintenance of multiple verbal stimuli by focusing attentional resources on the representations temporarily activated in the dorsal and ventral language pathways. In the right hemisphere, the fronto-parietal network associating the right intraparietal sulcus to the right superior and middle prefrontal cortex is proposed to support maintenance of the novel and unfamiliar serial order information that characterizes the order of occurrence of words within a list and of phonemes/syllables within a novel word, via connectivity with the left fronto-parietal network and the language pathways. The numbers indicate the main Brodman areas characterizing each functional region identified here.

References

    1. Acheson D. J., MacDonald M. C. (2009). Verbal working memory and language production: common approaches to the serial ordering of verbal information. Psychol. Bull. 135, 50–68 10.1037/a0014411
    1. Arfanakis K., Haughton V. M., Carew J. D., Rogers B. P., Dempsey R. J., Meyerand M. E. (2002). Diffusion tensor MR imaging in diffuse axonal injury. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 23, 794–802
    1. Attout L., Van der Kaa M. A., George M., Majerus S. (2012). Distinguishing verbal short-term memory and language impairment: the importance of short-term memory for serial order. Aphasiology 26, 355–382 10.1080/02687038.2011.604303
    1. Awh E., Jonides J., Smith E. E., Buxton R. B., Frank L. R., Love T., et al. (1999). Rehearsal in spatial working memory: evidence from neuroimaging. Psychol. Sci. 10, 433–437 10.1111/1467-9280.00182
    1. Baddeley A., Gathercole S., Papagno C. (1998). The phonological loop as a language learning device. Psychol. Rev. 105, 158–173 10.1037/0033-295X.105.1.158
    1. Baddeley A. D., Hitch G. J. (1974). Working memory, in The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, ed Bower G. H. (San Diego, CA: Academic Press; ), 47–90
    1. Baddeley A. D., Hitch G. J., Allen R. J. (2009). Working memory and binding in sentence recall. J. Mem. Lang. 61, 438–456 10.1016/j.jml.2009.05.004
    1. Baddeley A. D., Lewis V., Vallar G. (1984). Exploring the articulatory loop. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 36, 233–252
    1. Baddeley A. D., Logie R. H. (1999). Working memory: the multiple-component model, in Models of Working Memory: Mechanisms of Active Maintenance and Executive Control, eds Miyake A., Shah P. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; ), 28–61
    1. Barde L. H. F., Schwartz M. F., Chrysikou E. G., Thompson-Schill S. L. (2010). Reduced short-term memory span in aphasia and susceptibility to interference: ontribution of material-specific maintenance deficits. Neuropsychologia 48, 909–920
    1. Barrouillet P., Bernardin S., Camos V. (2004). Time constraints and resource sharing in adults' working memory spans. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 133, 83–100 10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.83
    1. Basso A., Spinnler H., Vallar G., Zanobio M. E. (1982). Left hemisphere damage and selective impairment of auditory verbal short-term memory. A case study. Neuropsychologia 20, 263–274 10.1016/0028-3932(82)90101-4
    1. Becker J. T., MacAndrew D. K., Fiez J. A. (1999). A comment on the functional localization of the phonological storage subsystem of working memory. Brain Cogn. 41, 27–38 10.1006/brcg.1999.1094
    1. Binder J. R., Desai R. H., Graves W. W., Conant L. I. (2009). Where is the semantic system? a critical review and meta-analysis of 120 functional neuroimaging studies. Cereb. Cortex 19, 2767–2796 10.1093/cercor/bhp055
    1. Binder J. R., Frost J. A., Hammeke T. A., Bellgowan P. S. F., Springer J. A., Kaufman J. N., et al. (2000). Human temporal lobe activation by speech and nonspeech sounds. Cereb. Cortex 10, 512–528 10.1093/cercor/10.5.512
    1. Botvinick M., Plaut D. C. (2006). Short-term memory for serial order: a recurrent neural network model. Psychol. Rev. 113, 201–233 10.1037/0033-295X.113.2.201
    1. Botvinick M., Watanabe T. (2007). From numerosity to ordinal rank: a gain-field model of serial order representation in cortical working memory. J. Neurosci. 27, 8636–8642 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2110-07.2007
    1. Brahmbhatt S. B., McAuley T., Barch D. M. (2008). Functional developmental similarities and differences in the neural correlates of verbal and nonverbal working memory tasks. Neuropsychologia 46, 1020–1031 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.11.010
    1. Brener R. (1940). An experimental investigation of memory span. J. Exp. Psychol. 26, 467–482 10.1037/h0061096
    1. Bricolo E., Gianesini T., Fanini A., Bundesen C., Chelazzi L. (2002). Serial attention mechanisms in visual search: a direct behavioral demonstration. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 14, 980–993 10.1162/089892902320474454
    1. Brown G. D. A., Preece T., Hulme C. (2000). Oscillator-based memory for serial order. Psychol. Rev. 107, 127–181 10.1037/0033-295X.107.1.127
    1. Buchsbaum B. R., D'Esposito M. (2008). The search for the phonological store: from loop to convolution. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 20, 762–778 10.1162/jocn.2008.20501
    1. Buchsbaum B. R., Baldo J., Okada K., Berman K. F., Dronkers N. F., D'Esposito M., et al. (2011). Conduction aphasia, sensory-motor integration, and phonological short-term memory – an aggregate analysis of lesion and fMRI data. Brain Lang. 119, 119–128 10.1016/j.bandl.2010.12.001
    1. Buchsbaum B. R., Olsen R. K., Koch P., Berman K. F. (2005). Human dorsal and ventral auditory streams subserve rehearsal-based and echoic processes during verbal working memory. Neuron 48, 687–697 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.029
    1. Burgess N., Hitch G. J. (1999). Memory for serial order: a network model of the phonological loop and its timing. Psychol. Rev. 106, 551–581 10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.551
    1. Burgess N., Hitch G. J. (2006). A revised model of short-term memory and long-term learning of verbal sequences. J. Mem. Lang. 55, 627–652 10.1016/j.jml.2006.08.005
    1. Chein J. M., Fiez J. A. (2001). Dissociating verbal working memory system components using a delayed serial recall task. Cereb. Cortex 11, 1003–1014 10.1093/cercor/11.11.1003
    1. Collette F., Majerus S., Van der Linden M., Dabe P., Degueldre C., Delfiore G., et al. (2001). Contribution of long-term memory to verbal short-term memory tasks: a PET activation study. Memory 9, 249–259 10.1080/09658210143000056
    1. Cowan N. (1988). Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information-processing system. Psychol. Bull. 104, 163–191 10.1037/0033-2909.104.2.163
    1. Cowan N. (1995). Attention and Memory: An Integrated Framework. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
    1. Cowan N., Elliott E. M., Saults J. S., Morey C. C., Mattox S., Hismjatullina A., et al. (2005). On the capacity of attention: its estimation and its role in working memory and cognitive aptitudes. Cogn. Psychol. 51, 42–100 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2004.12.001
    1. Cowan N., Li D., Moffitt A., Becker T. M., Martin E. A., Saults J. S., et al. (2011). A neural region of abstract working memory. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23, 2852–2863 10.1162/jocn.2011.21625
    1. Croot K., Patterson K., Hodges J. R. (1999). Familial progressive aphasia: insights into the nature and deterioration of single word processing. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 16, 705–747 10.1080/026432999380627
    1. Dell G. S. (1986). A spreading activation theory of retrieval in sentence production. Psychol. Rev. 93, 283–321 10.1037/0033-295X.93.3.283
    1. Dell G. S., Reed K. D., Adams D. R., Meyer A. S. (2000). Speech errors, phonotactic constraints, and implicit learning: a study of the role of experience in language production. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 26, 1355–1367
    1. Desgranges B., Matuszewski V., Piolino P., Chételat G., Mézenge F., Landeau B., et al. (2007). Anatomical and functional alterations in Semantic Dementia: a voxel based MRI and PET study. Neurobiol. Aging 28, 1904–1913 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.08.006
    1. Dormal V., Dormal G., Joassin F., Pesenti M. (2012). A common right fronto-parietal network for numerosity and duration processing: an fMRI study. Hum. Brain Mapp. 33, 1490–1501 10.1002/hbm.21300
    1. Duhamel J. R., Poncet M. (1986). Deep dysphasia in a case of phonemic deafness: role of the right hemisphere in auditory language comprehension. Neuropsychologia 24, 769–779 10.1016/0028-3932(86)90076-X
    1. Duncan J. (2010). The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain: mental programs for intelligent behavior. Trends Cogn. Sci. 14, 172–179 10.1016/j.tics.2010.01.004
    1. Emrich S. M., Riggall A. C., LaRocque J. J., Postle B. R. (2013). Distributed patters of activity in sensory cortex reflect the precision of multiple items maintained in visual short-term memory. J. Neurosci. 33, 6516–6523 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5732-12.2013
    1. Engle R. W., Kane M. J. (2004). Executive attention, working memory capacity, and a two-factor theory of cognitive control, in The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, ed Ross B. H. (San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press; ), 145–199
    1. Farrell S., Lewandowsky S. (2002). An endogenous distributed model of ordering in serial recall. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 9, 59–79 10.3758/BF03196257
    1. Fias W., Lammertyn J., Caessens B., Orban G. A. (2007). Processing of abstract ordinal knowledge in the horizontal segment of the intraparietal sulcus. J. Neurosci. 27, 8592–8596 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2076-07.2007
    1. Fiebach C. J., Friederici A. D., Smith E. E., Swinney D. (2007). Lateral inferotemporal cortex maintains conceptual–semantic representations in verbal working memory. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 19, 2035–2049 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.12.2035
    1. Fiebach C. J., Rissman J., D'Esposito M. (2006). Modulation of inferotemporal cortex during verbal working memory maintenance. Neuron 51, 251–261 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.06.007
    1. Fougnie D., Marois R. (2007). Executive working memory load induces inattentional blindness. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 14, 142–147 10.3758/BF03194041
    1. Foygel D., Dell G. S. (2000). Models of impaired lexical access in speech production. J. Mem. Lang. 43, 182–216 10.1006/jmla.2000.2716
    1. Freedman M. L., Martin R. C. (2001). Dissociable components of short-term memory and their relation to long-term learning. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 18, 193–226
    1. Friederici A. D. (2012). The cortical language circuit: from auditory perception to sentence comprehension. Trends Cogn. Sci. 16, 262–268 10.1016/j.tics.2012.04.001
    1. Garrett M. F. (1980). Levels of processing in sentence production, in Language Production: Speech and Talk, Vol. 1 ed Butterworth B. (San Diego, CA: Academic Press; ), 177–220
    1. Gettigan C., Warren J. E., Eisner F., Marshall C. R., Shanmugalingam P., Scott S. K. (2011). Neural correlates of sublexical processing in phonological working memory. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23, 961–977 10.1162/jocn.2010.21491
    1. Good C. D., Scahill R. I., Fox N. C., Ashburner J., Friston K., Chan D., et al. (2002). Automatic differentiation of anatomical patterns in the human brain: validation with studies of degenerative dementias. Neuroimage 17, 26–46 10.1006/nimg.2002.1202
    1. Gorno-Tempini M. L., Brambati S. M., Ginex V., Ogar J., Dronkers N. F., Marcone A., et al. (2008). The logopenic/phonological variant of primary progressive aphasia. Neurology 17, 1227–1234 10.1212/01.wnl.0000320506.79811.da
    1. Gratton C., Sreenivasan K. K., Silver M. A., D'Esposito M. (2013). Attention selectively modifies the representation of individual faces in the human brain. J. Neurosci. 33, 6979–6989 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4142-12.2013
    1. Gupta P. (2003). Examining the relationship between word learning, nonword repetition and immediate serial recall in adults. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 56A, 1213–1236
    1. Gupta P., Lipinski J., Abbs B., Lin P. H. (2005). Serial position effects in nonword repetition. J. Mem. Lang. 53, 141–162 10.1016/j.jml.2004.12.002
    1. Gupta P., MacWhinney B. (1997). Vocabulary acquisition and verbal short-term memory: computational and neural bases. Brain Lang. 59, 267–333 10.1006/brln.1997.1819
    1. Gupta P., Tisdale J. (2009). Does phonological short-term memory causally determine vocabulary learning? Toward a computational resolution of the debate. J. Mem. Lang. 61, 481–502 10.1016/j.jml.2009.08.001
    1. Haller S., Radue E. W., Erb M., Grodd W., Kircher T. (2005). Overt sentence production in event-related fMRI. Neuropsychologia 43, 807–814 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.09.007
    1. Hamilton A. C., Martin R. C. (2005). Dissociations among tasks involving inhibition: a single-case study. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 5, 1–13 10.3758/CABN.5.1.1
    1. Hamilton A., Martin R. C. (2007). Proactive interference in a semantic short-term memory deficit: role of semantic and phonological relatedness. Cortex 43, 112–123 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70449-0
    1. Hartley T., Houghton G. (1996). A linguistically constrained model of short-term memory for nonwords. J. Mem. Lang. 35, 1–31 10.1006/jmla.1996.0001
    1. Hautzel H., Mottaghy F. M., Schmidt D., Zemb M., Shah N. J., Müller-Gärtner H.-W., et al. (2002). Topographic segregation and convergence of verbal, object, shape and spatial working memory in humans. Neurosci. Lett. 323, 156–160 10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00125-8
    1. Henson R. N. A. (1998). Short-term memory for serial order: the start-end model. Cogn. Psychol. 36, 73–137 10.1006/cogp.1998.0685
    1. Henson R. N. A., Burgess N., Frith C. D. (2000). Recoding, storage, rehearsal, and grouping in verbal short-term memory: an fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 38, 426–440 10.1016/S0028-3932(99)00098-6
    1. Herman A. B., Houde J. F., Vinogradov S., Nagarajan S. S. (2013). Parsing the phonological loop: activation timing in the dorsal speech stream determines accuracy in speech reproduction. J. Neurosci. 33, 5439–5453 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1472-12.2013
    1. Hickok G. (2012). Computational neuroanatomy of speech production. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 13, 135–145
    1. Hickok G., Poeppel D. (2007). The cortical organization of speech processing. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 393–402 10.1038/nrn2113
    1. Hodges J. R., Patterson K. E., Oxbury S., Funnell E. (1992). Semantic dementia. Progressive fluent aphasia with temporal lobe atrophy. Brain 115, 1783–1808
    1. Hoffman P., Jefferies E., Ehsan S., Hopper S., Lambon Ralph M. A. (2009). Selective short-term memory deficits arise from impaired domain-general semantic control mechanisms. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 35, 137–156 10.1037/a0013985
    1. Hoffman P., Jefferies E., Ehsan S., Jones R. W., Lambon Ralph M. A. (2012). How does linguistic knowledge contribute to short-term memory? Contrasting effects of impaired knowledge and executive control. Aphasiology 26, 383–403 10.1080/02687038.2011.581798
    1. Howard D., Franklin S. E. (1988). Missing the Meaning.A Cognitive Neuropsychological Study of the Processing of Words by an Aphasic Patient. Cambridge, MA: MIT
    1. Hulme C., Maughan S., Brown G. D. (1991). Memory for familiar and unfamiliar words: evidence for a long-term memory contribution to short-term memory span. J. Mem. Lang. 30, 685–701 10.1016/0749-596X(91)90032-F
    1. Jacquemot C., Scott S. K. (2006). What is the relationship between phonological short-term memory and speech processing? Trends Cogn. Sci. 10, 480–486
    1. Jefferies E., Baker S. S., Doran M., Lambon Ralph M. A. (2007). Refractory effects in stroke aphasia: a consequence of poor semantic control. Neuropsychologia 45, 1065–1079 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.09.009
    1. Jefferies E., Frankish C. R., Lambon Ralph M. A. (2006). Lexical and semantic binding in verbal short-term memory. J. Mem. Lang. 54, 81–98 10.1016/j.jml.2005.08.001
    1. Jefferies E., Hoffman P., Jones R., Lambon Ralph M. A. (2008). The impact of semantic impairment on verbal short-term memory in stroke aphasia and semantic dementia: a comparative study. J. Mem. Lang. 58, 66–87 10.1016/j.jml.2007.06.004
    1. Jefferies E., Jones R. W., Bateman D., Lambon Ralph M. A. (2005). A semantic contribution to nonword recall. Evidence for intact phonological processes in semantic dementia. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 22, 183–212 10.1080/02643290442000068
    1. Kaas A. L., van Mier H., Visser M., Goebel R. (2013). The neural substrate for working memory of tactile surface texture. Hum. Brain Mapp. 34, 1148–1162 10.1002/hbm.21500
    1. Kaufmann L., Vogel S. E., Starke M., Kremser C., Schocke M. (2009). Numerical and non-numerical ordinality processing in children with and without developmental dyscalculia: evidence from fMRI. Cogn. Dev. 24, 486–494 10.1016/j.cogdev.2009.09.001
    1. Knott R., Patterson K., Hodges J. R. (1997). Lexical and semantic binding effects in short-term memory: evidence from semantic dementia. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 14, 1165–1216 10.1080/026432997381303
    1. Leclercq A. L., Majerus S. (2010). Serial order short-term memory predicts vocabulary development: evidence from a longitudinal study. Dev. Psychol. 46, 417–427 10.1037/a0018540
    1. Leung H. C., Gore J. C., Goldman-Rakic P. S. (2002). Sustained mnemonic response in the human middle frontal gyrus during on-line storage of spatial memoranda. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 14, 659–671 10.1162/08989290260045882
    1. Leung H. C., Seelig D., Gore J. C. (2004). The effect of memory load on cortical activity in the spatial working memory circuit. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 4, 553–563 10.3758/CABN.4.4.553
    1. Lewis-Peacock J. A., Drysdale A. T., Oberauer K., Postle B. R. (2012). Neural evidence for a distinction between short-term memory and the focus of attention. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 24, 61–79 10.1162/jocn_a_00140
    1. Lycke C., Specht K., Ersland L., Hugdahl K. (2008). An fMRI study of phonological and spatial working memory using identical stimuli. Scand. J. Psychol. 49, 393–401
    1. Majerus S. (2009). Verbal short-term memory and temporary activation of language representations: the importance of distinguishing item and order information, in Interactions between Short-Term and Long-Term Memory in the Verbal Domain, eds Thorn A. S., Page M. (Hove: Psychology Press; ), 244–276
    1. Majerus S., Attout L., D'Argembeau A., Degueldre C., Fias W., Maquet P., et al. (2012). Attention supports verbal short-term memory via competition between dorsal and ventral attention networks. Cereb. Cortex 22, 1086–1097 10.1093/cercor/bhr174
    1. Majerus S., Norris D., Patterson K. (2007a). What do patients with semantic dementia remember in verbal short-term memory? Sounds and order but not words. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 24, 131–151
    1. Majerus S., Bastin C., Poncelet M., Van der Linden M., Salmon E., Collette F., et al. (2007b). Short-term memory and the left intraparietal sulcus: focus of attention? Further evidence from a face short-term memory paradigm. Neuroimage 35, 353–367
    1. Majerus S., Van der Linden M., Poncelet M., Metz-Lutz M. N. (2004a). Can phonological and semantic short-term memory be dissociated? Further evidence Landau-Kleffner Syndrome. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 21, 491–512
    1. Majerus S., Van der Linden M., Mulder L., Meulemans T., Peters F. (2004b). Verbal short-term memory reflects the sublexical organization of the phonological language network: evidence from an incidental phonotactic learning paradigm. J. Mem. Lang. 51, 297–306
    1. Majerus S., Poncelet M., Van der Linden M., Weekes B. (2008a). Lexical learning in bilingual adults:the relative importance of short-term memory for serial order and phonological knowledge. Cognition 107, 395–419
    1. Majerus S., Belayachi S., De Smedt B., Leclercq A. L., Martinez T., Schmidt C., et al. (2008b). Neural networks for short-term memory for order differentiate high and low proficiency bilinguals. Neuroimage 42, 1698–1713
    1. Majerus S., D'Argembeau A. (2011). Verbal short-term memory reflects the organization of long-term memory. Further evidence from short-term memory for emotional words. J. Mem. Lang. 64, 181–197 10.1016/j.jml.2010.10.003
    1. Majerus S., D'Argembeau A., Martinez T., Belayachi S., Van der Linden M., Collette F., et al. (2010). The commonality of neural networks for verbal and visual short-term memory. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 22, 2570–2593 10.1162/jocn.2009.21378
    1. Majerus S., Heiligenstein L., Gautherot N., Poncelet M., Van der Linden M. (2009). The impact of auditory selective attention on verbal short-term memory and vocabulary development. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 103, 66–86 10.1016/j.jecp.2008.07.004
    1. Majerus S., Lekeu F., Van der Linden M., Salmon E. (2001). Deep dysphasia: further evidence on the relationship between phonological short-term memory and language processing impairments. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 18, 385–410
    1. Majerus S., Poncelet M., Van der Linden M., Albouy G., Salmon E., Sterpenich V., et al. (2006a). The left intraparietal sulcus and verbal short-term memory: focus of attention or serial order? Neuroimage 32, 880–891
    1. Majerus S., Poncelet M., Greffe C., Van der Linden M. (2006b). Relations between vocabulary development and verbal short-term memory: the importance of short-term memory for serial order information. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 93, 95–119
    1. Majerus S., Poncelet M., Elsen B., Van der Linden M. (2006c). Exploring the relationship between new word learning and short-term memory for serial order recall, item recall and item recognition. Eur. J. Cogn. Psychol. 18, 848–873
    1. Makuuchi M., Friederici A. D. (2013). Hierarchical functional connectivity between the core language system and the working memory system. Cortex (in press). 10.1016/j.cortex.2013.01.007
    1. Marshuetz C., Reuter-Lorenz P. A., Smith M.-C., Jonides J., Noll D. C. (2006). Working memory for order and the parietal cortex: an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroscience 139, 311–316 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.04.071
    1. Marshuetz C., Smith E. E., Jonides J., DeGutis J., Chenevert T. L. (2000). Order information in working memory: fMRI evidence for parietal and prefrontal mechanisms. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 12, 130–144 10.1162/08989290051137459
    1. Martin N., Dell G. S., Saffran E. M., Schwartz M. F. (1994a). Origins of paraphasias in deep dysphasia: testing the consequences of a decay impairment to an interactive spreading activation model of lexical retrieval. Brain Lang. 47, 609–660 10.1006/brln.1994.1061
    1. Martin R. C., Shelton J. R., Yaffee L. S. (1994b). Language processing and working memory: neuropsychological evidence for separate phonological and semantic capacities. J. Mem. Lang. 33, 83–111 10.1006/jmla.1994.1005
    1. Martin N., Saffran E. M. (1992). A computational account of deep dysphasia: evidence from a single case study. Brain Lang. 43, 240–274 10.1016/0093-934X(92)90130-7
    1. Martin N., Saffran E. M., Dell G. S. (1996). Recovery in deep dysphasia: evidence for a relation between auditory-verbal STM capacity and lexical errors in repetition. Brain Lang. 52, 83–113 10.1006/brln.1996.0005
    1. Martin R. C., He T. (2004). Semantic short-term memory and its role in sentence processing: a replication. Brain Lang. 89, 76–82 10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00300-6
    1. Martin R. C., Lesch M. F., Bartha M. C. (1999). Independence of input and output phonology in word processing and short-term memory. J. Mem. Lang. 41, 3–29 10.1006/jmla.1999.2637
    1. Martin R. C., Romani C. (1994). Verbal working memory and sentence comprehension: a multiple-components view. Neuropsychology 8, 506–523 10.1037/0894-4105.8.4.506
    1. Martin R. C., Wu D., Freedman M., Jackson E. F., Lesch M. (2003). An event-related fMRI investigation of phonological versus semantic short-term memory. J. Neurolinguist. 16, 341–360 10.1016/S0911-6044(03)00025-3
    1. Meyer M. L., Spunt R. P., Berkman E. T., Taylor S. E., Lieberman M. D. (2012). Evidence for social working memory from a parametric functional MRI study. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 1883–1888 10.1073/pnas.1121077109
    1. Michel F., Andreewsky E. (1983). Deep dysphasia: an analogue of deep dyslexia in the auditory modality. Brain Lang. 18, 212–223 10.1016/0093-934X(83)90016-0
    1. Mosse E. K., Jarrold C. (2008). Hebb learning, verbal short-term memory, and the acquisition of phonological forms in children. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 61, 505–514 10.1080/17470210701680779
    1. Mummery C. J., Patterson K., Price C. J., Ashburner J., Frackowiak R. S., Hodges J. R. (2000). A voxel-based morphometry study of semantic dementia: relationship between temporal lobe atrophy and semantic memory. Ann. Neurol. 47, 36–45
    1. Nairne J. S., Kelley M. R. (2004). Separating item and order information through process dissociation. J. Mem. Lang. 50, 113–133 10.1016/j.jml.2003.09.005
    1. Narayanan N., Prabhakaran V., Bunge S. A., Christoff K., Fine E. M., Gabrieli J. D. (2005). The role of prefrontal cortex in the maintenance of verbal working memory information: an event-related fMRI analysis. Neuropsychology 19, 223–232 10.1037/0894-4105.19.2.223
    1. Nee D. E., Jonides J. (2008). Neural correlates of access to short-term memory. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 14228–14233 10.1073/pnas.0802081105
    1. Nee D. E., Jonides J. (2011). Dissociable contributions of prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus to short-term memory: evidence for a 3-state model of memory. Neuroimage 54, 1540–1548
    1. Nee D. E., Jonides J. (2013). Neural evidence for a 3-state model of visual short-term memory. Neuroimage 74, 1–11 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.019
    1. Nystrom L. E., Braver T. S., Sabb F. W., Delgado M. R., Noll D. C., Cohen J. D. (2000). Working memory for letters, shapes, and locations: fMRI evidence against stimulus-based regional organization in human prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage 11, 424–446 10.1006/nimg.2000.0572
    1. Oberauer K. (2002). Access to information in working memory: exploring the focus of attention. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 28, 411–421 10.1037/0278-7393.28.3.411
    1. Ötzekin I., Davachi L., McElree B. (2010). Are representations in working memory distinct from representations in long-term memory?: neural evidence in support of a single store. Psychol. Sci. 21, 1123–1133 10.1177/0956797610376651
    1. Pa J., Wilson S. M., Pickell H., Bellugi U., Hickok G. (2008). Neural organization of linguistic short-term memory is sensory modality-dependent: evidence from signed and spoken language. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 20, 2198–2210 10.1162/jocn.2008.20154
    1. Page M. P. A., Cumming N., Madge A., Norris D. (2007). Speech errors and the phonological similarity effect in short-term memory: evidence suggesting a common locus. J. Mem. Lang. 56, 49–64 10.1016/j.jml.2006.09.002
    1. Page M. P. A., Norris D. (1998). The Primacy model: a new model of immediate serial recall. Psychol. Rev. 105, 761–781 10.1037/0033-295X.105.4.761-781
    1. Papagno C., Vernice M., Cecchetto C. (2013). Phonology without semantics? Good enough for verbal short-term memory. Evidence from a patient with semantic dementia. Cortex 49, 626–636 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.04.015
    1. Papoutsi M., de Zwart J. A., Jansma J. M., Pickering M. J., Bednar J. A., Horwitz B. (2009). From phonemes to articulatory codes: an fMRI study of the role of Broca's area in speech production. Cereb. Cortex 19, 2156–2165 10.1093/cercor/bhn239
    1. Patterson K. E., Graham N., Hodges J. R. (1994). The impact of semantic memory loss on phonological representations. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 6, 57–69 10.1162/jocn.1994.6.1.57
    1. Paulesu E., Frith C. D., Frackowiak R. S. J. (1993). The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory. Nature 362, 342–345 10.1038/362342a0
    1. Pinel P. H., Dehaene S., Rivière D., LeBihan D. (2001). Modulation of parietal activation by semantic distance in a number comparison task. Neuroimage 14, 1013–1026 10.1006/nimg.2001.0913
    1. Poirier M., Saint-Aubin J. (1996). Immediate serial recall, word frequency, item identity and item position. Can. J. Exp. Psychol. 50, 408–412 10.1037/1196-1961.50.4.408
    1. Postle B. R. (2005). Delay-period activity in the prefrontal cortex: one function is sensory gating. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 17, 1679–1690 10.1162/089892905774589208
    1. Postle B. R. (2006). Working memory as an emergent property of the mind and brain. Neuroscience 139, 23–28 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.005
    1. Rämä P., Sala J. B., Gillen J. S., Pekar J. J., Courtney S. M. (2001). Dissociation of the neural systems for working memory maintenance of verbal and nonspatial visual information. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 1, 161–171 10.3758/CABN.1.2.161
    1. Ranganath C., Cohen M. X., Dam C., D'Esposito M. (2004). Inferior temporal, prefrontal, and hippocampal contributions to visual working memory maintenance and associative memory retrieval. J. Neurosci. 24, 3917–3925 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5053-03.2004
    1. Rauschecker J. P., Scott S. K. (2009). Maps and streams in the auditory cortex: nonhuman primates illuminate human speech processing. Nat. Neurosci. 12, 718–724 10.1038/nn.2331
    1. Ravizza S. M., Delgado M. R., Chein J. M., Becker J. T., Fiez J. A. (2004). Functional dissociations within the inferior parietal cortex in verbal working memory. Neuroimage 22, 562–573 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.01.039
    1. Rypma B., D'Esposito M. (1999). The roles of prefrontal brain regions in components of working memory: effects of memory load and individual differences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 6558–6563 10.1073/pnas.96.11.6558
    1. Rypma B., Berger J. S., D'Esposito M. (2002). The influence of working memory demand and subject performance on prefrontal cortical activity. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 14, 721–731 10.1162/08989290260138627
    1. Salmon E., Van der Linden M., Collette F., Delfiore G., Maquet P., Degueldre C., et al. (1996). Regional brain activity during working memory tasks. Brain 119, 1617–1625 10.1093/brain/119.5.1617
    1. Schnur T. T., Schwartz M. F., Kimberg D. Y., Hirshorn E., Coslett H. B., Thompson-Schill S. L. (2009). Localizing interference during naming: convergent neuroimaging and neuropsychological evidence for the function of Broca's area. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 322–327 10.1073/pnas.0805874106
    1. Scott S. K., Catrin Blank C., Rosen S., Wise R. J. S. (2000). Identification of a pathway for intelligible speech in the left temporal lobe. Brain 123, 2400–2406 10.1093/brain/123.12.2400
    1. Segaert K., Kempen G., Petersson K. M., Hagoort P. (2013). Syntactic priming and the lexical boost effect during sentence production and sentence comprehension: an fMRI study. Brain Lang. 124, 174–183 10.1016/j.bandl.2012.12.003
    1. Strand F., Forssberg H., Klingberg T., Norrelgen F. (2008). Phonological working memory with auditory presentation of pseudo-words: an event related fMRI Study. Brain Res. 1212, 48–54 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.097
    1. Takayama Y., Kinomoto K., Nakamura K. (2004). Selective impairment of the auditory-verbal short-term memory due to a lesion of the superior temporal gyrus. Eur. Neurol. 51, 115–117 10.1159/000076792
    1. Thompson-Schill S. L., Jonides J., Marshuetz C., Smith E. E., D'Esposito M., Kan I. P., et al. (2002). Effects of frontal lobe damage on interference effects in working memory. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 2, 109–120 10.3758/CABN.2.2.109
    1. Todd J. J., Fougnie D., Marois R. (2005). Visual short-term memory load suppresses temporo-parietal junction activity and induces inattentional blindness. Psychol. Sci. 16, 965–972 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01645.x
    1. Todd J. J., Marois R. (2004). Capacity limit of visual short-term memory in human posterior parietal cortex. Nature 428, 751–754 10.1038/nature02466
    1. Tree J. J., Perfect T. J., Hirsh K. W., Copstick S. (2001). Deep dysphasic performance in non-fluent progressive aphasia: a case study. Neurocase 7, 473–488 10.1093/neucas/7.6.473
    1. Treiman R., Danis C. (1988). Short-term memory errors for spoken syllables are affected by the linguistic structure of the syllables. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 14, 145–152 10.1037/0278-7393.14.1.145
    1. Tremblay P., Small S. L. (2011). Motor response selection in overt sentence production: a functional MRI study. Front. Psychol. 2:253 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00253
    1. Trojano L., Stanzione M., Grossi D. (1992). Short-term memory and verbal learning with auditory phonological coding defect: a neuropsychological case study. Brain Cogn. 18, 12–33 10.1016/0278-2626(92)90108-X
    1. Vallar G., Basso A., Bottini G. (1990). Phonological processing and sentence comprehension: a neuropsychological case study, in Neuropsychological Impairments of Short-Term Memory, eds Vallar G., Shallice T. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; ), 448–476 10.1017/CBO9780511665547.022
    1. Vallar G., Papagno C. (2002). Neuropsychological impairments of verbal short-term memory, in The Handbook of Memory Disorders, eds Baddeley A. D., Kopelman M. D., Wilson B. A. (Chichester: Wiley; ), 249–270
    1. Van Dijck J.-P. H., Abrahamse E., Majerus S., Fias W. (2013). Spatial attention interacts with serial order retrieval in verbal working memory. Psychol. Sci. (in press).
    1. Vitevitch M. S., Luce P. A. (1999). Probabilistic phonotactics and neighborhood activation in spoken word recognition. J. Mem. Lang. 40, 374–408 10.1006/jmla.1998.2618
    1. Warrington E. K., Logue V., Pratt R. T. C. (1971). The anatomical localisation of selective impairment of auditory verbal short-term memory. Neuropsychologia 9, 377–387 10.1016/0028-3932(71)90002-9
    1. Wilshire C., Fisher C. (2004). “Phonological” dysphasia: a cross-modal phonological impairment affecting repetition, production, and comprehension. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 21, 187–210 10.1080/02643290342000555

Source: PubMed

Patrocinadores e Colaboradores

Condições médicas

Intervenções de drogas

3
Se inscrever