Targeted Estimation of the Relationship Between Childhood Adversity and Fluid Intelligence in a US Population Sample of Adolescents

Jonathan M Platt, Katie A McLaughlin, Alex R Luedtke, Jennifer Ahern, Alan S Kaufman, Katherine M Keyes, Jonathan M Platt, Katie A McLaughlin, Alex R Luedtke, Jennifer Ahern, Alan S Kaufman, Katherine M Keyes

Abstract

Many studies have shown inverse associations between childhood adversity and intelligence, although most are based on small clinical samples and fail to account for the effects of multiple co-occurring adversities. Using data from the 2001-2004 National Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement, a cross-sectional US population study of adolescents aged 13-18 years (n = 10,073), we examined the associations between 11 childhood adversities and intelligence, using targeted maximum likelihood estimation. Targeted maximum likelihood estimation incorporates machine learning to identify the relationships between exposures and outcomes without overfitting, including interactions and nonlinearity. The nonverbal score from the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test was used as a standardized measure of fluid reasoning. Childhood adversities were grouped into deprivation and threat types based on recent conceptual models. Adjusted marginal mean differences compared the mean intelligence score if all adolescents experienced each adversity to the mean in the absence of the adversity. The largest associations were observed for deprivation-type experiences, including poverty and low parental education, which were related to reduced intelligence. Although lower in magnitude, threat events related to intelligence included physical abuse and witnessing domestic violence. Violence prevention and poverty-reduction measures would likely improve childhood cognitive outcomes.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Targeted maximum likelihood estimated differences in mean scores on the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT) in the presence versus absence of childhood adversities among a representative sample of 10,073 adolescents in the United States, 2001–2004. Square, threat-type adversities; triangle, deprivation-type adversities; circle, any adversity. HS, high school.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Targeted maximum likelihood estimated differences in the risk of low versus average scores on the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT) in the presence versus absence of childhood adversities among a representative sample of 10,073 adolescents in the United States, 2001–2004. Square, threat-type adversities; triangle, deprivation-type adversities; circle, any adversity. HS, high school.

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