Trends in knowledge of HIV status and efficiency of HIV testing services in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000-20: a modelling study using survey and HIV testing programme data

Abstract

Background: Monitoring knowledge of HIV status among people living with HIV is essential for an effective national HIV response. This study estimates progress and gaps in reaching the UNAIDS 2020 target of 90% knowledge of status, and the efficiency of HIV testing services in sub-Saharan Africa, where two thirds of all people living with HIV reside.

Methods: For this modelling study, we used data from 183 population-based surveys (including more than 2·7 million participants) and national HIV testing programme reports (315 country-years) from 40 countries in sub-Saharan Africa as inputs into a mathematical model to examine trends in knowledge of status among people living with HIV, median time from HIV infection to diagnosis, HIV testing positivity, and proportion of new diagnoses among all positive tests, adjusting for retesting. We included data from 2000 to 2019, and projected results to 2020.

Findings: Across sub-Saharan Africa, knowledge of status steadily increased from 5·7% (95% credible interval [CrI] 4·6-7·0) in 2000 to 84% (82-86) in 2020. 12 countries and one region, southern Africa, reached the 90% target. In 2020, knowledge of status was lower among men (79%, 95% CrI 76-81) than women (87%, 85-89) across sub-Saharan Africa. People living with HIV aged 15-24 years were the least likely to know their status (65%, 62-69), but the largest gap in terms of absolute numbers was among men aged 35-49 years, with 701 000 (95% CrI 611 000-788 000) remaining undiagnosed. As knowledge of status increased from 2000 to 2020, the median time to diagnosis decreased from 9·6 years (9·1-10) to 2·6 years (1·8-3·5), HIV testing positivity declined from 9·0% (7·7-10) to 2·8% (2·1-3·9), and the proportion of first-time diagnoses among all positive tests dropped from 89% (77-96) to 42% (30-55).

Interpretation: On the path towards the next UNAIDS target of 95% diagnostic coverage by 2025, and in a context of declining positivity and yield of first-time diagnoses, disparities in knowledge of status must be addressed. Increasing knowledge of status and treatment coverage among older men could be crucial to reducing HIV incidence among women in sub-Saharan Africa, and by extension, reducing mother-to-child transmission.

Funding: Steinberg Fund for Interdisciplinary Global Health Research (McGill University); Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; Fonds the recherche du Québec-Santé; UNAIDS; UK Medical Research Council; MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office.

Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Figures

Figure 1

Summary of included surveys and HIV testing services programme data by country and year, 2000–19 Surveys with white dots are those where results on the proportion of individuals who self-report having ever been tested for HIV are not available by HIV status. Horizontal lines represent HIV testing services programme data. DHS=Demographic Health Survey. AIS=AIDS Indicator Survey. MICS=Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. PHIA=Population-based HIV Impact Assessment Survey. *Other types of surveys include Population Health Survey from Eritrea; South African National HIV Prevalence, Incidence, Behaviour and Communication Surveys; and Botswanan, Kenyan, and Nigerian AIDS Indicator Surveys.

Figure 2

Progress and disparities in knowledge of HIV status in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000–20 Figure shows trends in proportion of people living with HIV who are aware of their HIV status in sub-Saharan Africa by region (A), sex (B), or age group (C). Shaded areas correspond to 95% credible intervals.

Figure 3

National estimates of knowledge of HIV status in sub-Saharan Africa, 2020 Bars show the proportion of people living with HIV who know their HIV status, with 95% credible intervals represented with vertical lines. The horizontal dashed line represents a threshold of 90% knowledge of status.

Figure 4

Absolute diagnosis gaps in sub-Saharan Africa, 2020 Vertical lines represent 95% credible intervals.

Figure 5

Progress in timeliness of HIV diagnosis in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000–20 Regional trends in median time to diagnosis or AIDS-related death (A) and in the probability of being tested within 1 year of infection (B) or before reaching a CD4 count threshold lower than 350 cells per μL (C) were assessed through period life-table analyses. Shaded areas correspond to 95% credible intervals.