Use of an Enactive Insole for Reducing the Risk of Falling on Different Types of Soil Using Vibrotactile Cueing for the Elderly

Martin J-D Otis, Johannes C Ayena, Louis E Tremblay, Pascal E Fortin, Bob-Antoine J Ménélas, Martin J-D Otis, Johannes C Ayena, Louis E Tremblay, Pascal E Fortin, Bob-Antoine J Ménélas

Abstract

Background: Our daily activities imply displacements on various types of soil. For persons with gait disorder or losing functional autonomy, walking on some types of soil could be challenging because of the risk of falling it represents.

Methods: In this paper, we present, in a first part, the use of an enactive shoe for an automatic differentiation of several types of soil. In a second part, using a second improved prototype (an enactive insole), twelve participants with Parkinson's disease (PD) and nine age-matched controls have performed the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test on six types of soil with and without cueing. The frequency of the cueing was set at 10% above the cadence computed at the lower risk of falling (walking over the concrete). Depending on the cadence computed at the lower risk, the enactive insole activates a vibrotactile cueing aiming to improve gait and balance control. Finally, a risk index is computed using gait parameters in relation to given type of soil.

Results: The frequency analysis of the heel strike vibration allows the differentiation of various types of soil. The risk computed is associated to an appropriate rhythmic cueing in order to improve balance and gait impairment. The results show that a vibrotactile cueing could help to reduce the risk of falling.

Conclusions: Firstly, this paper demonstrates the feasibility of reducing the risk of falling while walking on different types of soil using vibrotactile cueing. We found a significant difference and a significant decrease in the computed risks of falling for most of types of soil especially for deformable soils which can lead to fall. Secondly, heel strike provides an approximation of the impulse response of the soil that can be analyzed with time and frequency-domain modeling. From these analyses, an index is computed enabling differentiation the types of soil.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 2. Location of the sensors and… — **Fig 2. Location of the sensors and the actuator.**
(A) the sole of the enactive shoe. (B) the enactive insole.

Fig 3. Electronic hardware of the two… — **Fig 3. Electronic hardware of the two devices used in this study.**

Fig 4. Thirteen heel strikes and acceleration… — **Fig 4. Thirteen heel strikes and acceleration measurements of the soil vibration.**

Fig 5. Segmentation of the acceleration signal… — **Fig 5. Segmentation of the acceleration signal with signal filtering.**

Fig 6. Results of the segmentation for… — **Fig 6. Results of the segmentation for the acceleration waveform of the sand.**

Fig 7. Absolute mean ST-FFT of thirteen… — **Fig 7. Absolute mean ST-FFT of thirteen acceleration measurements.**

Fig 8. Centroid positions for some signal… — **Fig 8. Centroid positions for some signal waveforms frames.**

Fig 9. Soil differentiation for each heel… — **Fig 9. Soil differentiation for each heel strike.**

Fig 10. The enactive insole used in… — **Fig 10. The enactive insole used in the second experiment.**

Fig 11. Set up of the experimentation… — **Fig 11. Set up of the experimentation in LAIMI's laboratory.**

Fig 12. TUG time (mean ± SD)… — **Fig 12. TUG time (mean ± SD) among PD and healthy subjects over different types of soil in uncued condition.**
Note: # denotes a significant difference between the PD and control groups. The p-values (p

**Fig 13. Risk of falling (mean ±…**

**Fig 13. Risk of falling (mean ± SD) over each type of soil in uncued…**

**Fig 13. Risk of falling (mean ± SD) over each type of soil in uncued condition.**
(A) from gait parameters. (B) from questionnaire: percentage of participants who perceived a risk of falling. Note: # denotes a significant difference between the PD and control subjects and, * denotes a non-significant difference between the two groups.

**Fig 14. Risk of falling (mean ±…**

**Fig 14. Risk of falling (mean ± SD) from gait parameters over each type of…**

**Fig 14. Risk of falling (mean ± SD) from gait parameters over each type of soil in the vibrotactile condition (seven PD subjects and eight healthy elderly).**
Note: # denotes a significant difference between the PD and control subjects and, * denotes a non-significant difference between the two groups.

All figures (14)

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Fig 13. Risk of falling (mean ±… — **Fig 13. Risk of falling (mean ± SD) over each type of soil in uncued condition.**
(A) from gait parameters. (B) from questionnaire: percentage of participants who perceived a risk of falling. Note: # denotes a significant difference between the PD and control subjects and, * denotes a non-significant difference between the two groups.

Fig 14. Risk of falling (mean ±… — **Fig 14. Risk of falling (mean ± SD) from gait parameters over each type of soil in the vibrotactile condition (seven PD subjects and eight healthy elderly).**
Note: # denotes a significant difference between the PD and control subjects and, * denotes a non-significant difference between the two groups.

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Source: PubMed

Use of an Enactive Insole for Reducing the Risk of Falling on Different Types of Soil Using Vibrotactile Cueing for the Elderly

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

Patrocinadores e Colaboradores

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