The incidence of sub-optimal sedation in the ICU: a systematic review

Daniel L Jackson, Clare W Proudfoot, Kimberley F Cann, Tim S Walsh, Daniel L Jackson, Clare W Proudfoot, Kimberley F Cann, Tim S Walsh

Abstract

Introduction: Patients in intensive care units (ICUs) are generally sedated for prolonged periods. Over-sedation and under-sedation both have negative effects on patient safety and resource use. We conducted a systematic review of the literature in order to establish the incidence of sub-optimal sedation (both over- and under-sedation) in ICUs.

Methods: We searched Medline, Embase and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) online literature databases from 1988 to 15 May 2008 and hand-searched conferences. English-language studies set in the ICU, in sedated adult humans on mechanical ventilation, which reported the incidence of sub-optimal sedation, were included. All abstracts were reviewed twice by two independent reviewers, with all conflicts resolved by a third reviewer, to check that they met the review inclusion criteria. Full papers of all included studies were retrieved and were again reviewed twice against inclusion criteria. Data were doubly extracted. Study aims, design, population, comparisons made, and data on the incidence of sub-optimal, optimal, over-sedation or under-sedation were extracted.

Results: There was considerable variation between included studies in the definition of optimal sedation and in the scale or method used to assess sedation. Across all included studies, a substantial incidence of sub-optimal sedation was reported, with a greater tendency toward over-sedation.

Conclusions: Our review suggests that improvements in the consistent definition and measurement of sedation may improve the quality of care of patients within the ICU.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The QUOROM (Quality of Reporting of Meta-Analyses) diagram illustrates the flow of studies through the systematic review.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The frequency with which each sedation scale was used in the studies included in our systematic review. ICU, intensive care unit; MAAS, Motor Activity Assessment Scale; OAAS, Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale; RASS, Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale; SAS, Riker Sedation-Agitation Scale.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Incidence of sub-optimal sedation across included studies. The plot shows the percentage of measurements, patients, or time in which patients were sub-optimally sedated according to each included study's definition of optimal sedation and measurements reported. Studies are grouped by study design. Where more than one group was reported by a study (for example, a comparison of two different treatment arms), separate points are shown for each group. RCT, randomised controlled trial.

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