Risk Factors for Ovarian Cancer: An Umbrella Review of the Literature

Eilbhe Whelan, Ilkka Kalliala, Anysia Semertzidou, Olivia Raglan, Sarah Bowden, Konstantinos Kechagias, Georgios Markozannes, Sofia Cividini, Iain McNeish, Julian Marchesi, David MacIntyre, Phillip Bennett, Kostas Tsilidis, Maria Kyrgiou, Eilbhe Whelan, Ilkka Kalliala, Anysia Semertzidou, Olivia Raglan, Sarah Bowden, Konstantinos Kechagias, Georgios Markozannes, Sofia Cividini, Iain McNeish, Julian Marchesi, David MacIntyre, Phillip Bennett, Kostas Tsilidis, Maria Kyrgiou

Abstract

Several non-genetic factors have been associated with ovarian cancer incidence or mortality. To evaluate the strength and validity of the evidence we conducted an umbrella review of the literature that included systematic reviews/meta-analyses that evaluated the link between non-genetic risk factors and ovarian cancer incidence and mortality. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and performed a manual screening of references. Evidence was graded into strong, highly suggestive, suggestive or weak based on statistical significance of the random effects summary estimate and the largest study in a meta-analysis, the number of cases, between-study heterogeneity, 95% prediction intervals, small study effects, and presence of excess significance bias. We identified 212 meta-analyses, investigating 55 non-genetic risk factors for ovarian cancer. Risk factors were grouped in eight broad categories: anthropometric indices, dietary intake, physical activity, pre-existing medical conditions, past drug history, biochemical markers, past gynaecological history and smoking. Of the 174 meta-analyses of cohort studies assessing 44 factors, six associations were graded with strong evidence. Greater height (RR per 10 cm 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-1.20), body mass index (BMI) (RR ≥ 30 kg/m2 versus normal 1.27, 95% CI 1.17-1.38) and three exposures of varying preparations and usage related to hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use increased the risk of developing ovarian cancer. Use of oral contraceptive pill reduced the risk (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.69-0.80). Refining the significance of genuine risk factors for the development of ovarian cancer may potentially increase awareness in women at risk, aid prevention and early detection.

Keywords: fallopian tube cancer; gynaecological oncology; hormone replacement therapy; ovarian cancer; risk factors.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared no conflict of interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow diagram of literature search and study selection.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Evidence grading results of the main analysis (cohorts only, random summary effects) displaying the association with increased or decreased risk of ovarian cancer by risk category.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Main analysis results (cohorts only, summary random effects). Forest plot of strong and highly suggestive evidence of an association with ovarian cancer.

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