Tricuspid Regurgitation Peak Gradient (TRPG)/Tricuspid Annulus Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE) - A Novel Parameter for Stepwise Echocardiographic Risk Stratification in Normotensive Patients With Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Abstract

Background: Patients with intermediate-risk acute pulmonary embolism (APE) are a heterogeneous group with an early mortality rate of 2-15%. The tricuspid annulus plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and tricuspid regurgitation peak gradient (TRPG) can be used for risk stratification, so we analyzed the prognostic value of a new echo parameter (TRPG/TAPSE) for prediction of APE-related 30-day death or need for rescue thrombolysis in initially normotensive APE patients.Methods and Results:The study group consists of 400 non-high-risk APE patients (191 men, age: 63.1±18.9 years) who had undergone echocardiography within the first 24 h of admission. The TRPG/TAPSE parameter was calculated. The clinical endpoint (CE) was a combination of 30-day APE-related death and/or rescue thrombolysis. The CE occurred in 8 (2%) patients. All patients with TAPSE ≥20 mm (n=193, 48.2%) had a good prognosis. Among 206 patients with TAPSE <20 mm, 8 cases of the CE occurred (3.9%). NPV and PPV for TRPG/TAPSE >4.5 were 0.2 and 0.98, respectively. The CE was significantly more frequent in 19 (9.2%) patients with TRPG/TAPSE >4.5 than in 188 (90.8%) with TRPG/TAPSE ≤4.5 (4 (21.1%) vs. 4 (2.1%), P=0.0005). Among normotensive APE patients with TAPSE <20 mm, TRPG/TAPSE >4.5 was associated with 21.1% risk of APE-related death or rescue thrombolysis.

Conclusions: TRPG/TAPSE, a novel echocardiographic parameter, may be useful for stepwise echocardiographic risk stratification in normotensive patients with APE, and it identifies patients with a poor prognosis.

Keywords: Echocardiography; Pulmonary artery; Pulmonary embolism; Pulmonary thromboembolism; Venous thromboembolism.