The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism

John A Heit, Frederick A Spencer, Richard H White, John A Heit, Frederick A Spencer, Richard H White

Abstract

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is categorized by the U.S. Surgeon General as a major public health problem. VTE is relatively common and associated with reduced survival and substantial health-care costs, and recurs frequently. VTE is a complex (multifactorial) disease, involving interactions between acquired or inherited predispositions to thrombosis and VTE risk factors, including increasing patient age and obesity, hospitalization for surgery or acute illness, nursing-home confinement, active cancer, trauma or fracture, immobility or leg paresis, superficial vein thrombosis, and, in women, pregnancy and puerperium, oral contraception, and hormone therapy. Although independent VTE risk factors and predictors of VTE recurrence have been identified, and effective primary and secondary prophylaxis is available, the occurrence of VTE seems to be relatively constant, or even increasing.

Keywords: Deep vein thrombosis; Epidemiology; Pulmonary embolism; Thrombophlebitis; Venous thromboembolism.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Annual incidence of venous thromboembolism by age and sex [10]
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Annual incidence of all venous thromboembolism, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) alone, and pulmonary embolism with or without deep vein thrombosis (PE ± DVT) by age [10]
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Secular trends in the incidence of venous thromboembolism, deep vein thrombosis alone, and pulmonary embolism [18]
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Cumulative incidence of first venous thromboembolism recurrence (continuous line), and the hazard of first recurrence per 1000 person-days (dotted line) [32]

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