Assessment of the anthelmintic efficacy of albendazole in school children in seven countries where soil-transmitted helminths are endemic

Abstract

Background: The three major soil-transmitted helminths (STH) Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Necator americanus/Ancylostoma duodenale are among the most widespread parasites worldwide. Despite the global expansion of preventive anthelmintic treatment, standard operating procedures to monitor anthelmintic drug efficacy are lacking. The objective of this study, therefore, was to define the efficacy of a single 400 milligram dose of albendazole (ALB) against these three STH using a standardized protocol.

Methodology/principal findings: Seven trials were undertaken among school children in Brazil, Cameroon, Cambodia, Ethiopia, India, Tanzania and Vietnam. Efficacy was assessed by the Cure Rate (CR) and the Fecal Egg Count Reduction (FECR) using the McMaster egg counting technique to determine fecal egg counts (FEC). Overall, the highest CRs were observed for A. lumbricoides (98.2%) followed by hookworms (87.8%) and T. trichiura (46.6%). There was considerable variation in the CR for the three parasites across trials (country), by age or the pre-intervention FEC (pre-treatment). The latter is probably the most important as it had a considerable effect on the CR of all three STH. Therapeutic efficacies, as reflected by the FECRs, were very high for A. lumbricoides (99.5%) and hookworms (94.8%) but significantly lower for T. trichiura (50.8%), and were affected to different extents among the 3 species by the pre-intervention FEC counts and trial (country), but not by sex or age.

Conclusions/significance: Our findings suggest that a FECR (based on arithmetic means) of >95% for A. lumbricoides and >90% for hookworms should be the expected minimum in all future surveys, and that therapeutic efficacy below this level following a single dose of ALB should be viewed with concern in light of potential drug resistance. A standard threshold for efficacy against T. trichiura has yet to be established, as a single-dose of ALB is unlikely to be satisfactory for this parasite.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01087099.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1. The participation, occurrence of STH and sample submission compliance for pre- and post-intervention surveys.

Subjects who were not able to provide a sample for the follow-up, or who were experiencing a severe current medical condition or had diarrhea at the time of the first sampling were excluded from the trial.

Figure 2. The estimated impact of age, fecal egg count and trial on the cure rate.

The estimated impact of age, fecal egg count (FEC) and trial (country) on the cure rate of A. lumbricoides (A), T. trichiura (B) and hookworms (C) derived from a generalized linear models (binomial error).

Figure 3. The distribution of the fecal egg count of soil-transmitted helminths.

The distribution of the fecal egg count (FEC) of A. lumbricoides (A), T. trichiura (B) and hookworms (C). The absolute values of the median, the 2.5th and 97.5th percentile (%) are provided. In addition, these values are represented as solid (median) and dashed lines (2.5 and 97.5%).