The impact of neonatal breast-feeding on growth trajectories of youth exposed and unexposed to diabetes in utero: the EPOCH Study

T L Crume, L G Ogden, E J Mayer-Davis, R F Hamman, J M Norris, K J Bischoff, R McDuffie, D Dabelea, T L Crume, L G Ogden, E J Mayer-Davis, R F Hamman, J M Norris, K J Bischoff, R McDuffie, D Dabelea

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the influence of breast-feeding on the body mass index (BMI) growth trajectory from birth through 13 years of age among offspring of diabetic pregnancies (ODP) and offspring of non-diabetic pregnancies (ONDP) participating in the Exploring Perinatal Outcomes Among Children Study.

Subjects: There were 94 ODP and 399 ONDP who had multiple BMI measures obtained from birth throughout childhood. A measure of breast milk-months was derived from maternal self-report to categorize breast-feeding status as adequate (≥6 breast milk-months) or low (<6 breast milk-months). Mixed linear-effects models were constructed to assess the impact of breast-feeding on the BMI growth curves during infancy (birth to 27 months) and childhood (27 months to 13 years).

Results: ODP who were adequately breast-fed had a slower BMI growth trajectory during childhood (P=0.047) and slower period-specific growth velocity with significant differences between 4 and 6 years of age (P=0.03) and 6 to 9 years of age (P=0.01) compared with ODP with low breast-feeding. A similar pattern was seen in the ONDP, with adequate breast-feeding associated with lower average BMI in infancy (P=0.03) and childhood (P=0.0002) and a slower growth trajectory in childhood (P=0.0002). Slower period-specific growth velocity was seen among the ONDP associated with adequate breast-feeding with significant differences between 12-26 months (P=0.02), 4-6 years (P=0.03), 6-9 years (P=0.0001) and 9-13 years of age (P<0.0001).

Conclusion: Our study provides novel evidence that breast-feeding is associated with long-term effects on childhood BMI growth that extend beyond infancy into early and late childhood. Importantly, these effects are also present in the high-risk offspring, exposed to overnutrition during pregnancy. Breast-feeding in the early postnatal period may represent a critical opportunity to reduce the risk of childhood obesity.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflict of interest to disclose.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Infancy BMI Growth Trajectory for Offspring of Diabetic Pregnancies. Panel A. Infancy BMI Growth Trajectory for Offspring of Non-Diabetic Pregnancies. Panel B.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Infancy BMI Growth Trajectory for Offspring of Diabetic Pregnancies. Panel A. Infancy BMI Growth Trajectory for Offspring of Non-Diabetic Pregnancies. Panel B.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Childhood BMI Growth Trajectory for Offspring of Diabetic Pregnancies. Panel A. Childhood BMI Growth Trajectory for Offspring of Non-Diabetic Pregnancies. Panel B.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Childhood BMI Growth Trajectory for Offspring of Diabetic Pregnancies. Panel A. Childhood BMI Growth Trajectory for Offspring of Non-Diabetic Pregnancies. Panel B.

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Source: PubMed

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