A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19)

Tanu Singhal, Tanu Singhal

Abstract

There is a new public health crises threatening the world with the emergence and spread of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus originated in bats and was transmitted to humans through yet unknown intermediary animals in Wuhan, Hubei province, China in December 2019. There have been around 96,000 reported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) and 3300 reported deaths to date (05/03/2020). The disease is transmitted by inhalation or contact with infected droplets and the incubation period ranges from 2 to 14 d. The symptoms are usually fever, cough, sore throat, breathlessness, fatigue, malaise among others. The disease is mild in most people; in some (usually the elderly and those with comorbidities), it may progress to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi organ dysfunction. Many people are asymptomatic. The case fatality rate is estimated to range from 2 to 3%. Diagnosis is by demonstration of the virus in respiratory secretions by special molecular tests. Common laboratory findings include normal/ low white cell counts with elevated C-reactive protein (CRP). The computerized tomographic chest scan is usually abnormal even in those with no symptoms or mild disease. Treatment is essentially supportive; role of antiviral agents is yet to be established. Prevention entails home isolation of suspected cases and those with mild illnesses and strict infection control measures at hospitals that include contact and droplet precautions. The virus spreads faster than its two ancestors the SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), but has lower fatality. The global impact of this new epidemic is yet uncertain.

Keywords: 2019-nCOV; COVID-19; Pneumonia; Review; SARS-CoV-2.

Conflict of interest statement

None.

References

    1. Wang Chen, Horby Peter W, Hayden Frederick G, Gao George F. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):470–473. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9.
    1. Coronavirus Outbreak. Available at: . Accessed 23 Feb 2020.
    1. Richman DD, Whitley RJ, Hayden FG. Clinical Virology, 4th ed. Washington: ASM Press; 2016.
    1. Chan-Yeung M, Xu RH. SARS: epidemiology. Respirology. 2003;8:S9–14. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00518.x.
    1. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Available at: . Accessed 16 Feb 2020.
    1. World Health Organization. Situation reports. Available at: . Accessed 22 Feb 2020.
    1. Xinhua. China’s CDC detects a large number of new coronaviruses in the South China seafood market in Wuhan. Available at: . Accessed 20 Feb 2020.
    1. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, Gao H, Guo L, Xie J, Wang G, Jiang R, Gao Z, Jin Q, Wang J, Cao B. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395:497–506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
    1. Rothe Camilla, Schunk Mirjam, Sothmann Peter, Bretzel Gisela, Froeschl Guenter, Wallrauch Claudia, Zimmer Thorbjörn, Thiel Verena, Janke Christian, Guggemos Wolfgang, Seilmaier Michael, Drosten Christian, Vollmar Patrick, Zwirglmaier Katrin, Zange Sabine, Wölfel Roman, Hoelscher Michael. Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(10):970–971. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2001468.
    1. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020. 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316.
    1. Cheng ZJ, Shan J. 2019 novel coronavirus: where we are and what we know. Infection. 2020:1–9. 10.1007/s15010-020-01401-y.
    1. Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients. N Engl J Med. 2020. 10.1056/NEJMc2001737.
    1. Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and its inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect. 2020 Feb 6. pii: S0195–6701(20)30046–3.
    1. Chen Huijun, Guo Juanjuan, Wang Chen, Luo Fan, Yu Xuechen, Zhang Wei, Li Jiafu, Zhao Dongchi, Xu Dan, Gong Qing, Liao Jing, Yang Huixia, Hou Wei, Zhang Yuanzhen. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. The Lancet. 2020;395(10226):809–815. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3.
    1. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei Y, Xia J, Yu T, Zhang X, Zhang L. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395:507–513. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7.
    1. Wang Dawei, Hu Bo, Hu Chang, Zhu Fangfang, Liu Xing, Zhang Jing, Wang Binbin, Xiang Hui, Cheng Zhenshun, Xiong Yong, Zhao Yan, Li Yirong, Wang Xinghuan, Peng Zhiyong. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.1585.
    1. Xu XW, Wu XX, Jiang XG, et al. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series. BMJ. 2020;368:m606. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m606.
    1. Wang XF, Yuan J, Zheng YJ, et al. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 34 children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection in Shenzhen. [Article in Chinese]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2020;58:E008.
    1. Chen F, Liu ZS, Zhang FR, et al. First case of severe childhood novel coronavirus pneumonia in China. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2020;58:E005.
    1. Zeng LK, Tao XW, Yuan WH, Wang J, Liu X, Liu ZS. First case of neonate infected with novel coronavirus pneumonia in China. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2020;58:E009.
    1. Jin YH, Cai L, Cheng ZS, et al. A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus [2019-nCoV] infected pneumonia [standard version] Mil Med Res. 2020;7:4. doi: 10.1186/s40779-020-0233-6.
    1. Huang Peikai, Liu Tianzhu, Huang Lesheng, Liu Hailong, Lei Ming, Xu Wangdong, Hu Xiaolu, Chen Jun, Liu Bo. Use of Chest CT in Combination with Negative RT-PCR Assay for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus but High Clinical Suspicion. Radiology. 2020;295(1):22–23. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020200330.
    1. Chen Z-M, Fu J-F, Shu Q, et al. Diagnosis and treatment recommendations for pediatric respiratory infection caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus. World J Pediatr. 2020:1–7. 10.1007/s12519-020-00345-5.
    1. Russell CD, Millar JE, Baillie JK. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. Lancet. 2020;395:473–475. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30317-2.
    1. Zhao JP, Hu Y, Du RH, et al. Expert consensus on the use of corticosteroid in patients with 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2020;43:E007.
    1. WHO. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus [nCoV] infection is suspected. Available at: . Accessed 9 Feb 2020.
    1. Holshue Michelle L., DeBolt Chas, Lindquist Scott, Lofy Kathy H., Wiesman John, Bruce Hollianne, Spitters Christopher, Ericson Keith, Wilkerson Sara, Tural Ahmet, Diaz George, Cohn Amanda, Fox LeAnne, Patel Anita, Gerber Susan I., Kim Lindsay, Tong Suxiang, Lu Xiaoyan, Lindstrom Steve, Pallansch Mark A., Weldon William C., Biggs Holly M., Uyeki Timothy M., Pillai Satish K. First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(10):929–936. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001191.
    1. Zhang Lei, Liu Yunhui. Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review. Journal of Medical Virology. 2020;92(5):479–490. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25707.
    1. Multicenter Collaboration Group of Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province and Health Commission of Guangdong Province for Chloroquine in the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia. [Expert consensus on chloroquine phosphate for the treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia]. [Article in Chinese] Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2020;43:E019.
    1. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease [COVID-19] Technical Guidance: Infection Prevention and Control. Available at: . Accessed 20 Feb 2020.
    1. Chang De, Xu Huiwen, Rebaza Andre, Sharma Lokesh, Dela Cruz Charles S. Protecting health-care workers from subclinical coronavirus infection. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2020;8(3):e13. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30066-7.
    1. Li Jie, Li Jun (Justin), Xie Xiaoru, Cai Xiaomei, Huang Jian, Tian Xuemei, Zhu Hong. Game consumption and the 2019 novel coronavirus. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2020;20(3):275–276. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30063-3.

Source: PubMed

Patrocinadores e Colaboradores

Condições médicas

Intervenções de drogas

3
Se inscrever