Safety and Immunogenicity of the Recombinant BCG Vaccine AERAS-422 in Healthy BCG-naïve Adults: A Randomized, Active-controlled, First-in-human Phase 1 Trial

Abstract

Background: We report a first-in-human trial evaluating safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant BCG, AERAS-422, over-expressing TB antigens Ag85A, Ag85B, and Rv3407 and expressing mutant perfringolysin.

Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, dose-escalation trial in HIV-negative, healthy adult, BCG-naïve volunteers, negative for prior exposure to Mtb, at one US clinical site. Volunteers were randomized 2:1 at each dose level to receive a single intradermal dose of AERAS-422 (>10(5)-<10(6)CFU=low dose, ≥10(6)-<10(7)CFU=high dose) or non-recombinant Tice BCG (1-8×10(5)CFU). Randomization used an independently prepared randomly generated sequence of treatment assignments. The primary and secondary outcomes were safety and immunogenicity, respectively, assessed in all participants through 182days post-vaccination. ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT01340820.

Findings: Between Nov 2010 and Aug 2011, 24 volunteers were enrolled (AERAS-422 high dose, n=8; AERAS-422 low dose, n=8; Tice BCG, n=8); all were included in the safety and immunogenicity analyses. All 24 subjects had at least one adverse event, primarily expected local reactions. High dose AERAS-422 vaccination induced Ag85A- and Ag85B-specific lymphoproliferative responses and marked anti-mycobacterial activity in a whole blood bactericidal activity culture assay (WBA), but was associated with varicella zoster virus (VZV) reactivation in two vaccinees. These volunteers displayed high BCG-specific IFN-γ responses pre- and post-vaccination possibly predisposing them to autocrine/paracrine negative regulation of immune control of latent VZV. A systems biology transcriptomal approach identified positive correlations between post-vaccination T cell expression modules and WBA, and negative correlations between post-vaccination monocyte expression modules and WBA. The expression of one key macrophage marker (F4/80) was constitutively elevated in the two volunteers with zoster.

Interpretation: The unexpected development of VZV in two of eight healthy adult vaccine recipients resulted in discontinuation of AERAS-422 vaccine development. Immunological and transcriptomal data identified correlations with the development of TB immunity and VZV that require further investigation.

Funding: Aeras, FDA, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Keywords: Functional T cell assays; Herpes zoster;; Recombinant BCG;; Transcriptomes;; Tuberculosis;.

Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Figures

Fig. 1

Consort Diagram.

Fig. 2

Subject with VZV reactivation 2 months after AERAS-422 vaccination. Shown are pictures of the 38 yo male who presented with a rash located on the left scalp and forehead, bilateral sinus congestion, sinus pain on the left, and diffuse headache described as aching and pressure 64 days after receiving AERAS-422. Examination of the skin lesion on the face (left side of the scalp to forehead) revealed a vesicular rash with pustules and scabs on an erythematous base in the CN5 V1 dermatome (A). There was also erythema of the left cornea, per examination by an ophthalmologist, as well as an erythematous and edematous left eyelid (data not shown). After zoster diagnosis and treatment, the subject was seen on day 84, when the condition had noticeably improved (B). The subject completed the study through the day 182 evaluation, at which time the herpes zoster reactivation was resolved with no sequelae (C).

Fig. 3

Vaccine-induced lymphoproliferative and IFN-γ responses induced by wild type, low dose AERAS-422 and high dose AERAS-422 BCG. Whole blood was collected pre- and post-vaccination and stimulated in vitro with different antigens (the recombinant proteins overexpressed by AERAS-422 and live Tice BCG). Antigen-specific lymphoproliferative responses were studied at days 0 (pre-vaccination), 84 (3 months post-vaccination) and 182 (6 months post-vaccination) (A and B). Antigen-specific IFN-γ responses stimulated in vitro with the recombinant proteins and different MOIs of Tice BCG at days 0, 28, 56, 84, and 182 are shown for all volunteers (C) and excluding the three volunteers with high spontaneous baseline responses (D). Mean and standard error responses are presented. *p < 0.05 by Wilcoxon matched pairs test.

Fig. 4

VZV reactivation was associated with exaggerated BCG-specific IFN-γ responses. Mean (with standard error) BCG-specific IFN-γ responses detected in the five high dose AERAS-422 volunteers that did not develop VZV reactivation (also excluding the one high spontaneous IFN-γ producer) are shown (A). BCG-specific IFN-γ results for the two volunteers in the high dose AERAS-422 group that developed zoster are also shown(B).

Fig. 5

VZV reactivations were not related to increased monocyte inflammatory responses alone induced by AERAS-422 or to anti-IFN-γ-specific autoimmunity. IL-1β and TNF-α inflammatory cytokine responses from ELISAs of supernatants from human monocyte cultures infected for 72 h with wild type (Tice or Danish) or AERAS-422 recombinant BCG strains (MOI 30) are shown as mean and standard error (A). Results of IFN-γ neutralization assays using plasma samples harvested on day 56 from all eight high dose AERAS-422 recipients are shown as pg/ml for dilutions up to 10− 5 (B).

Fig. 6

Whole blood bactericidal activity. The anti-mycobacterial activity of whole blood was studied using M. bovis BCG cultured with blood samples harvested from volunteers in the Tice and high dose AERAS-422 groups on days 0, 56, 84 and 182. The vertical axis indicates log change mycobacterial viability per day of whole blood culture, with positive numbers indicating growth. *p < 0.02 by Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Test comparing pre- to post-vaccination responses.

Fig. 7

Correlations between post-vaccination transcriptomal signatures, BCG immunogenicity and VZV reactivation. Exploratory hypothesis-generating analyses were performed that integrated the transcriptome data with WBA and VZV reactivation datasets (A). Expression of EMR1 is shown for individual volunteers (B).