Promoting Small Business Support of Youth Physical Activity in Low-Income, Minority Neighborhoods: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

Richard Robert Suminski Jr, Shannon Robson, Jennie Turner, Eric Plautz, Richard Robert Suminski Jr, Shannon Robson, Jennie Turner, Eric Plautz

Abstract

Background: An unacceptably high percentage of our nation's low-income, minority youth (age<18 years) are not regularly physically active. One reason for this could be their lack of access to quality youth physical activity opportunities (YPAOs). Our previous research found that small businesses (<500 employees), which represent over 99.64% (27.9/28.0 million businesses in United States) of all employers, are powerful resources for creating and improving YPAOs. In accordance with the socioecological model and established philanthropic principles, we developed an alpha version of an intervention (alpha-i) for increasing small businesses' involvement with YPAOs.

Objective: The aims of this proposed study are to (1) create a beta version (beta-i) of the intervention and (2) conduct a pilot study of its impact on small business support for YPAOs and YPAO utilization by the youth in low-income, minority neighborhoods.

Methods: The alpha-i will be refined using information from focus groups and surveys conducted with small business owners and managers, YPAO providers, and parents and guardians of the youths from low-income, predominantly minority neighborhoods. A cluster randomized controlled trial will then be conducted for 1 year to examine the effects of the refined intervention (beta-i) on small business support for YPAOs in 10 low-income, minority neighborhoods. The control group of neighborhoods (n=10) will be provided with a standard practice intervention. The primary outcome for aim 2 will be the percentage of small businesses not supporting YPAOs at baseline that subsequently provide support for YPAOs at follow-up. We also will consider the US dollar equivalent of all types of support (monetary, goods/services, and time) donated for YPAOs by small businesses. In addition, we will examine the impact of the increased small business support for YPAOs on YPAO utilization by the youth.

Results: As of May 1, 2019, all YPAOs and small businesses in the study neighborhoods have been identified, and surveys have begun with these groups. In addition, 9 focus groups were completed, and the data have been transcribed. We anticipate that manuscripts regarding these aspects of the study will be submitted in fall 2019.

Conclusions: The proposed study is significant because it will provide evidence that an easily replicated approach can be used to increase small business support for YPAOs and that this support results in greater use of the YPAOs by youth. A logical next step will be to determine if YPAO changes resulting from increased small business support positively influence youth physical activity levels.

Clinicaltrial: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03936582; https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT03936582.

International registered report identifier (irrid): DERR1-10.2196/13141.

Keywords: children; ethnic groups; exercise; health promotion; public health.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: None declared.

©Richard Robert Suminski Jr, Shannon Robson, Jennie Turner, Eric Plautz. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (http://www.researchprotocols.org), 30.07.2019.

References

    1. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 2008. [2019-04-02]. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008 .
    1. Sääkslahti A, Numminen P, Varstala V, Helenius H, Tammi A, Viikari J, Välimäki I. Physical activity as a preventive measure for coronary heart disease risk factors in early childhood. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2004 Jun;14(3):143–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00347.x.
    1. Baranowski T, Mendlein J, Resnicow K, Frank E, Cullen KW, Baranowski J. Physical activity and nutrition in children and youth: an overview of obesity prevention. Prev Med. 2000 Aug;31(2):S1–10. doi: 10.1006/pmed.2000.0686. doi: 10.1006/pmed.2000.0686.
    1. Heelan KA, Donnelly JE, Jacobsen DJ, Mayo MS, Washburn R, Greene L. Active commuting to and from school and BMI in elementary school children-preliminary data. Child Care Health Dev. 2005 May;31(3):341–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2005.00513.x.
    1. Fakhouri TH, Hughes JP, Burt VL, Song M, Fulton JE, Ogden CL. Physical activity in US youth aged 12-15 years, 2012. NCHS Data Brief. 2014 Jan;(141):1–8.
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013. [2018-11-28]. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance — United States, 2013 .
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1995. [2018-11-28]. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance — United States, 1995 .
    1. Wang Y, Beydoun MA. The obesity epidemic in the United States--gender, age, socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and geographic characteristics: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Epidemiol Rev. 2007;29:6–28. doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxm007.
    1. Bell RA, Mayer-Davis EJ, Beyer JW, D'Agostino RB, Lawrence JM, Linder B, Liu LL, Marcovina SM, Rodriguez BL, Williams D, Dabelea D, SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group Diabetes in non-Hispanic white youth: prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Diabetes Care. 2009 Mar;32(Suppl 2):S102–11. doi: 10.2337/dc09-S202.
    1. Mayer-Davis EJ, Beyer J, Bell RA, Dabelea D, D'Agostino R, Imperatore G, Lawrence JM, Liese AD, Liu L, Marcovina S, Rodriguez B, SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group Diabetes in African American youth: prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Diabetes Care. 2009 Mar;32(Suppl 2):S112–22. doi: 10.2337/dc09-S203.
    1. Pyle SA, Sharkey J, Yetter G, Felix E, Furlong MJ, Poston WC. Fighting an epidemic: the role of schools in reducing childhood obesity. Psychol Sch. 2006 Mar;43(3):361–76. doi: 10.1002/pits.20146.
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1995. [2019-05-04]. Participation in High School Physical Education --- United States, 1991--2003 .
    1. Dishman RK. Advances in Exercise Adherence. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics; 1994.
    1. Dishman RK, Sallis JF. Determinants and interventions for physical activity and exercise. In: Bouchard C, Shephard RJ, editors. Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health: International Proceedings and Consensus Statement. Champaign, Illnois: Human Kinetics; 1994. pp. 214–38.
    1. Ding D, Sallis JF, Kerr J, Lee S, Rosenberg DE. Neighborhood environment and physical activity among youth a review. Am J Prev Med. 2011 Oct;41(4):442–55. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.06.036.
    1. Salmon J, Timperio A. Prevalence, trends and environmental influences on child and youth physical activity. Med Sport Sci. 2007;50:183–99. doi: 10.1159/000101391.
    1. Salmon J, Salmon L, Crawford DA, Hume C, Timperio A. Associations among individual, social, and environmental barriers and children's walking or cycling to school. Am J Health Promot. 2007;22(2):107–13. doi: 10.4278/0890-1171-22.2.107.
    1. Brennan LK, Brownson RC, Orleans CT. Childhood obesity policy research and practice: evidence for policy and environmental strategies. Am J Prev Med. 2014 Jan;46(1):e1–16. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.08.022.
    1. Gustat J, Richards K, Rice J, Andersen L, Parker-Karst K, Cole S. Youth walking and biking rates vary by environments around 5 Louisiana schools. J Sch Health. 2015 Jan;85(1):36–42. doi: 10.1111/josh.12220.
    1. Carver A, Timperio A, Crawford D. Perceptions of neighborhood safety and physical activity among youth: the CLAN study. J Phys Act Health. 2008 May;5(3):430–44. doi: 10.1123/jpah.5.3.430.
    1. Farley TA, Meriwether RA, Baker ET, Watkins LT, Johnson CC, Webber LS. Safe play spaces to promote physical activity in inner-city children: results from a pilot study of an environmental intervention. Am J Public Health. 2007 Sep;97(9):1625–31. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.092692.
    1. Henderson VR. Longitudinal associations between television viewing and body mass index among white and black girls. J Adolesc Health. 2007 Dec;41(6):544–50. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.04.018.
    1. Nelson MC, Neumark-Stzainer D, Hannan PJ, Sirard JR, Story M. Longitudinal and secular trends in physical activity and sedentary behavior during adolescence. Pediatrics. 2006 Dec;118(6):e1627–34. doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-0926.
    1. Humbert ML, Chad KE, Spink KS, Muhajarine N, Anderson KD, Bruner MW, Girolami TM, Odnokon P, Gryba CR. Factors that influence physical activity participation among high- and low-SES youth. Qual Health Res. 2006 Apr;16(4):467–83. doi: 10.1177/1049732305286051.
    1. Romero AJ. Low-income neighborhood barriers and resources for adolescents' physical activity. J Adolesc Health. 2005 Mar;36(3):253–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.02.027.
    1. Sallis JF, Hovell MF, Hofstetter CR, Elder JP, Hackley M, Caspersen CJ, Powell KE. Distance between homes and exercise facilities related to frequency of exercise among San Diego residents. Public Health Rep. 1990;105(2):179–85.
    1. Sallis JF, McKenzie TL, Elder JP, Broyles SL, Nader PR. Factors parents use in selecting play spaces for young children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997 Apr;151(4):414–7.
    1. Sallis JF, Prochaska JJ, Taylor WC. A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000 May;32(5):963–75. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200005000-00014.
    1. Wasserman JA, Suminski R, Xi J, Mayfield C, Glaros A, Magie R. A multi-level analysis showing associations between school neighborhood and child body mass index. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014 Jul;38(7):912–8. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2014.64.
    1. Duncan SC, Duncan TE, Strycker LA, Chaumeton NR. Neighborhood physical activity opportunity: a multilevel contextual model. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2002 Dec;73(4):457–63. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2002.10609046.
    1. Gordon-Larsen P, Griffiths P, Bentley ME, Ward DS, Kelsey K, Shields K, Ammerman A. Barriers to physical activity: qualitative data on caregiver-daughter perceptions and practices. Am J Prev Med. 2004 Oct;27(3):218–23. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.05.002.
    1. Roemmich JN, Epstein LH, Raja S, Yin L. The neighborhood and home environments: disparate relationships with physical activity and sedentary behaviors in youth. Ann Behav Med. 2007 Feb;33(1):29–38. doi: 10.1207/s15324796abm3301_4.
    1. Timperio A, Crawford D, Telford A, Salmon J. Perceptions about the local neighborhood and walking and cycling among children. Prev Med. 2004 Jan;38(1):39–47. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2003.09.026.
    1. Cohen DA, Han B, Isacoff J, Shulaker B, Williamson S, Marsh T, McKenzie TL, Weir M, Bhatia R. Impact of park renovations on park use and park-based physical activity. J Phys Act Health. 2015 Feb;12(2):289–95. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2013-0165.
    1. Bedimo-Rung AL, Mowen AJ, Cohen DA. The significance of parks to physical activity and public health: a conceptual model. Am J Prev Med. 2005 Feb;28(2 Suppl 2):159–68. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.024.
    1. Verstraete SJ, Cardon GM, de Clercq DL, de Bourdeaudhuij IM. Increasing children's physical activity levels during recess periods in elementary schools: the effects of providing game equipment. Eur J Public Health. 2006 Aug;16(4):415–9. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckl008.
    1. Stratton G, Mullan E. The effect of multicolor playground markings on children's physical activity level during recess. Prev Med. 2005;41(5-6):828–33. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.07.009.
    1. Ridgers ND, Stratton G, Fairclough SJ, Twisk JW. Long-term effects of a playground markings and physical structures on children's recess physical activity levels. Prev Med. 2007 May;44(5):393–7. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.01.009.
    1. Ridgers ND, Fairclough SJ, Stratton G. Twelve-month effects of a playground intervention on children's morning and lunchtime recess physical activity levels. J Phys Act Health. 2010 Mar;7(2):167–75. doi: 10.1123/jpah.7.2.167.
    1. Brink LA, Nigg CR, Lampe SM, Kingston BA, Mootz AL, van Vliet W. Influence of schoolyard renovations on children's physical activity: the Learning Landscapes Program. Am J Public Health. 2010 Sep;100(9):1672–8. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.178939.
    1. Sallis JF, Spoon C, Cavill N, Engelberg JK, Gebel K, Parker M, Thornton CM, Lou D, Wilson AL, Cutter CL, Ding D. Co-benefits of designing communities for active living: an exploration of literature. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015 Feb 28;12:30. doi: 10.1186/s12966-015-0188-2.
    1. Task Force on Community Preventive Services Recommendations to increase physical activity in communities. Am J Prev Med. 2002 May;22(4 Suppl):67–72. doi: 10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00433-6.
    1. Davison KK, Lawson CT. Do attributes in the physical environment influence children's physical activity? A review of the literature. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006 Jul 27;3:19. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-3-19.
    1. Macphail A, Gorely T, Kirk D. Young people's socialisation into sport: a case study of an athletics club. Sport Educ Soc. 2010 Aug 25;8(2):251–67. doi: 10.1080/13573320309251. doi: 10.1080/13573320309251.
    1. Tammelin T, Näyhä S, Hills AP, Järvelin MR. Adolescent participation in sports and adult physical activity. Am J Prev Med. 2003 Jan;24(1):22–8. doi: 10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00575-5.
    1. Frank L, Kerr J, Chapman J, Sallis J. Urban form relationships with walk trip frequency and distance among youth. Am J Health Promot. 2007;21(4 Suppl):305–11. doi: 10.4278/0890-1171-21.4s.305.
    1. Huston SL, Evenson KR, Bors P, Gizlice Z. Neighborhood environment, access to places for activity, and leisure-time physical activity in a diverse North Carolina population. Am J Health Promot. 2003;18(1):58–69. doi: 10.4278/0890-1171-18.1.58.
    1. Estabrooks PA, Lee RE, Gyurcsik NC. Resources for physical activity participation: does availability and accessibility differ by neighborhood socioeconomic status? Ann Behav Med. 2003;25(2):100–4. doi: 10.1207/S15324796ABM2502_05.
    1. Kumanyika S, Grier S. Targeting interventions for ethnic minority and low-income populations. Future Child. 2006;16(1):187–207. doi: 10.1353/foc.2006.0005.
    1. Lee RE, Booth KM, Reese-Smith JY, Regan G, Howard HH. The physical activity resource assessment (PARA) instrument: evaluating features, amenities and incivilities of physical activity resources in urban neighborhoods. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2005 Sep 14;2:13. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-2-13.
    1. Suminski RR, Pyle S, Taylor WC. Environmental characteristics and physical activity in racial/ethnic minority and Euro-American college students. Percept Mot Skills. 2009 Apr;108(2):465–78. doi: 10.2466/PMS.108.2.465-478.
    1. Suminski RR, Ding D, Lee R, May L, Tota T, Dinius D. Youth physical activity opportunities in lower and higher income neighborhoods. J Urban Health. 2011 Aug;88(4):599–615. doi: 10.1007/s11524-011-9577-2.
    1. Lowry R, Lee SM, Fulton JE, Demissie Z, Kann L. Obesity and other correlates of physical activity and sedentary behaviors among US high school students. J Obes. 2013;2013:276318. doi: 10.1155/2013/276318. doi: 10.1155/2013/276318.
    1. Hardy LL, Kelly B, Chapman K, King L, Farrell L. Parental perceptions of barriers to children's participation in organised sport in Australia. J Paediatr Child Health. 2010 Apr;46(4):197–203. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2009.01661.x.
    1. Kirk D, Carlson T, O'Connor A, Burke P, Davis K, Glover S. The economic impact on families of children's participation in junior sport. Aust J Sci Med Sport. 1997 Jun;29(2):27–33.
    1. Boufous S, Finch C, Bauman A. Parental safety concerns--a barrier to sport and physical activity in children? Aust N Z J Public Health. 2004 Oct;28(5):482–6. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-842X.2004.tb00032.x.
    1. Office of Advocacy. [2019-05-06]. Frequently Asked Questions .
    1. Minority Business Development Agency. 2016. [2019-05-08]. Fact Sheet: US Minority-Owned Firms .
    1. Mack RW. Event sponsorship: an exploratory study of small business objectives, practices, and perceptions. J Small Bus Manag. 1999;37(3):25–30.
    1. Slack T, Bentz L. The involvement of small businesses in sport sponsorship. Manag Leisure. 1996 Jan;1(3):175–84. doi: 10.1080/136067196376410. doi: 10.1080/136067196376410.
    1. Witcher B, Craigen JG, Culligan D, Harvey A. The links between objectives and function in organizational sponsorship. Int J Advert. 2015 Mar 2;10(1):13–33. doi: 10.1080/02650487.1991.11104431. doi: 10.1080/02650487.1991.11104431.
    1. BBB Wise Giving Alliance. 2014. [2019-05-08]. Better Business Bureau Wise Giving Alliance: Annual Report 2014 .
    1. Grainger-Jones B. Managing Leisure. First Edition. Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge; 1998.
    1. Webb J, Carter S. Sponsorship activities and the small firms sector. Manag Leisure. 2001 Jan;6(3):168–79. doi: 10.1080/13606710110062240. doi: 10.1080/13606710110062240.
    1. Dawson S. Four motivations for charitable giving: implications for marketing strategy to attract monetary donations for medical research. J Health Care Mark. 1988 Jun;8(2):31–7.
    1. Cone Communications. 2015. [2019-05-07]. 2015 Cone Communications/Ebiquity Global CSR Study
    1. Suminski RR, Poston WS, Hyder ML. Small business policies toward employee and community promotion of physical activity. J Phys Act Health. 2006 Oct;3(4):405–14. doi: 10.1123/jpah.3.4.405.
    1. Suminski RR, Ding D. Small business support of youth physical activity opportunities. Am J Health Promot. 2012;26(5):289–94. doi: 10.4278/ajhp.101015-QUAN-339.
    1. Sargeant A, Hilton T, Wymer W. Bequest motives and barriers to giving: the case of direct mail donors. Nonprofit Manag Lead. 2006;17(1):49–66. doi: 10.1002/nml.130. doi: 10.1002/nml.130.
    1. Seifert B, Morris SA, Bartkus BR. Having, giving, and getting: slack resources, corporate philanthropy, and firm financial performance. Bus Soc. 2004;43(2):135–61. doi: 10.1177/0007650304263919.
    1. Madden K, Scaife W, Crissman K. How and why small to medium size enterprises (SMEs) engage with their communities: an Australian study. Int J Nonprofit Volunt. 2006 Feb;11(1):49–60. doi: 10.1002/nvsm.40. doi: 10.1002/nvsm.40.
    1. O’Neil J. The link between strong public relationships and donor support. Public Relat Rev. 2007 Mar;33(1):99–102. doi: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2006.11.021. doi: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2006.11.021.
    1. Brady M, Noble C, Utter D, Smith G. How to give and receive: an exploratory study of charitable hybrids. Psychol Mark. 2002 Nov 21;19(11):919–44. doi: 10.1002/mar.10044.
    1. Furse D, Stewart D. Monetary incentives versus promised contribution to charity: new evidence on mail survey response. J Mark Res. 1982 Aug;19(3):375–80. doi: 10.2307/3151572.
    1. Kottasz R. How should charitable organisations motivate young professionals to give philanthropically? Int J Nonprofit Volunt Sect Mark. 2004 Feb;9(1):9–27. doi: 10.1002/nvsm.230. doi: 10.1002/nvsm.230.
    1. Kely KS. Effective Fund-Raising Management. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1998.
    1. Weiss L, Ompad D, Galea S, Vlahov D. Defining neighborhood boundaries for urban health research. Am J Prev Med. 2007 Jun;32(6 Suppl):S154–9. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.02.034.
    1. Suminski RR, Petosa RL, Jones L, Hall L, Poston CW. Neighborhoods on the move: a community-based participatory research approach to promoting physical activity. Prog Community Health Partnersh. 2009;3(1):19–29. doi: 10.1353/cpr.0.0051.
    1. Suminski RR, Connolly EK, May LE, Wasserman JA, Olvera N, Lee RE. Park quality in racial/ethnic minority neighborhoods. Environ Justice. 2012 Dec;5(6):271–8. doi: 10.1089/env.2012.0013.
    1. Sallis JF, Conway TL, Prochaska JJ, McKenzie TL, Marshall SJ, Brown M. The association of school environments with youth physical activity. Am J Public Health. 2001 Apr;91(4):618–20. doi: 10.2105/ajph.91.4.618.
    1. Krueger RA, Casey MA. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2000.
    1. Morgan DL. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1997.
    1. Côté-Arsenault D, Morrison-Beedy D. Maintaining your focus in focus groups: avoiding common mistakes. Res Nurs Health. 2005 Apr;28(2):172–9. doi: 10.1002/nur.20063.
    1. Bartlett IJ, Kotrlik JW, Higgins C. Organizational research: determining appropriate sample size for survey research. Inf Technol Learn Perform J. 2001;19(1):43–50.
    1. SAS. [2019-05-07]. SAS/STAT Software: Survey Analysis .
    1. McKenzie TL, Cohen DA, Sehgal A, Williamson S, Golinelli D. System for observing play and recreation in communities (SOPARC): reliability and feasibility measures. J Phys Act Health. 2006 Feb;3(Suppl 1):S208–22. doi: 10.1123/jpah.3.s1.s208.
    1. Cohen DA, Setodji C, Evenson KR, Ward P, Lapham S, Hillier A, McKenzie TL. How much observation is enough? Refining the administration of SOPARC. J Phys Act Health. 2011 Nov;8(8):1117–23. doi: 10.1123/jpah.8.8.1117.
    1. Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center. 2012. Ohio Medicaid Assessment Study (2012 OMAS): Telephone Interviewer Manual .
    1. Kidd PS, Parshall MB. Getting the focus and the group: enhancing analytical rigor in focus group research. Qual Health Res. 2000 May;10(3):293–308. doi: 10.1177/104973200129118453.
    1. Suminski R, Presley T, Wasserman JA, Mayfield CA, McClain E, Johnson M. Playground safety is associated with playground, park, and neighborhood characteristics. J Phys Act Health. 2015 Mar;12(3):402–8. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2013-0244.
    1. Anderson LM, Quinn TA, Glanz K, Ramirez G, Kahwati LC, Johnson DB, Buchanan LR, Archer WR, Chattopadhyay S, Kalra GP, Katz DL, Task Force on Community Preventive Services The effectiveness of worksite nutrition and physical activity interventions for controlling employee overweight and obesity: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2009 Oct;37(4):340–57. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.07.003.
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. [2019-03-18]. Strategies to Prevent Obesity and Other Chronic Diseases: The CDC Guide to Strategies to Increase Physical Activity in the Community .
    1. Plotnikoff RC, Pickering MA, McCargar LJ, Loucaides CA, Hugo K. Six-month follow-up and participant use and satisfaction of an electronic mail intervention promoting physical activity and nutrition. Am J Health Promot. 2010;24(4):255–9. doi: 10.4278/ajhp.08032830.
    1. Walker C. Philanthropy, social capital or strategic alliance? The involvement of senior UK business executives with the voluntary sector and implications for corporate fundraising. Int J Nonprofit Volunt Sect Mark. 2002 Sep;7(3):219–28. doi: 10.1002/nvsm.181. doi: 10.1002/nvsm.181.
    1. Brooks J. Public subsidies and charitable giving: crowding out, crowding in, or both? J Pol Anal Manag. 2000;19(3):451–64. doi: 10.1002/1520-6688(200022)19:3<451::AID-PAM5>;2-E. doi: 10.1002/1520-6688(200022)19:3<451::AID-PAM5>;2-E.
    1. Sturm R. Economics and physical activity: a research agenda. Am J Prev Med. 2005 Feb;28(2 Suppl 2):141–9. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.021.
    1. Crossley SG, McNarry MA, Rosenberg M, Knowles ZR, Eslambolchilar P, Mackintosh KA. Understanding youths' ability to interpret 3D-printed physical activity data and identify associated intensity levels: mixed-methods study. J Med Internet Res. 2019 Feb 22;21(2):e11253. doi: 10.2196/11253.
    1. Rönkkö K. An activity tracker and its accompanying app as a motivator for increased exercise and better sleeping habits for youths in need of social care: field study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2018 Dec 21;6(12):e193. doi: 10.2196/mhealth.9286.

Source: PubMed

Patrocinadores e Colaboradores

Condições médicas

Intervenções de drogas

3
Se inscrever