Scalp-Sparing Radiation With Concurrent Temozolomide and Tumor Treating Fields (SPARE) for Patients With Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma

Abstract

Introduction: Standard-of-care treatment for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) after surgery or biopsy includes concurrent chemoradiation followed by maintenance temozolomide (TMZ) with tumor treating fields (TTFields). Preclinical studies suggest TTFields and radiotherapy work synergistically. We report the results of our trial evaluating the safety of TTFields used concurrently with chemoradiation.

Methods: This is a single-arm pilot study (clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT03477110). Adult patients (age ≥ 18 years) with newly diagnosed glioblastoma and a Karnofsky performance score (KPS) of ≥ 60 were eligible. All patients received concurrent scalp-sparing radiation (60 Gy in 30 fractions) with TMZ (75 mg/m2 daily) and TTFields (200 kHz). Maintenance therapy included TMZ and continuation of TTFields. Scalp-sparing radiation treatment was used to reduce radiation dermatitis. Radiation treatment was delivered through the TTFields arrays. The primary endpoint was safety and toxicity of tri-modality treatment within 30 days of completion of chemoradiation treatment.

Results: There were 30 patients enrolled, including 20 (66.7%) men and 10 (33.3%) women, with a median age of 58 years (range 19 to 77 years). Median KPS was 90 (range 70 to 100). A total of 12 (40%) patients received a gross total resection and 18 (60%) patients had a subtotal resection. A total of 12 (40%) patients had multifocal disease at presentation. There were 20 (66.7%) patients who had unmethylated O(6)-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) promotor status and 10 (33.3%) patients who had methylated MGMT promoter status. Median follow-up was 15.2 months (range 1.7 to 23.6 months). Skin adverse events were noted in 83.3% of patients, however, these were limited to Grade 1 or 2 events, which resolved spontaneously or with topical medications. The primary end point was met; no TTFields discontinuation occurred during the evaluation period due to high grade scalp toxicity. A total of 27 (90%) patients had progression, with a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 9.3 months (95% confidence interval (CI): 8.5-11.6 months). The 1-year progression-free survival was 23% (95% CI: 12%-45%). The median overall survival (OS) was 15.8 months (95% CI: 12.5 months-infinity). The 1-year overall survival was 66% (95% CI: 51%-86%).

Conclusions: Concurrent TTFields with scalp-sparing chemoradiation is a feasible and well-tolerated treatment option with limited toxicity. A phase 3, randomized clinical trial (EF-32, clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT04471844) investigating the clinical benefit of concurrent TTFields with chemoradiation treatment is currently enrolling.

Clinical trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT03477110.

Keywords: TTFields; concurrent therapy; glioblastoma; radiotherapy; scalp-sparing radiation.

Conflict of interest statement

WS: Consulting for Brainlab, Varian, and Novocure; research funding for clinical trial from Novocure and Regeneron. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Copyright © 2022 Miller, Song, Ali, Niazi, Bar-Ad, Martinez, Glass, Alnahhas, Andrews, Judy, Evans, Farrell, Werner-Wasik, Chervoneva, Ly, Palmer, Liu and Shi.

Figures

Figure 1

Kaplan-Meier estimates of progression-free survival (A) and overall survival (B) (both represented by solid lines). The dashed lines represent the corresponding 95% confidence pointwise confidence intervals.

Figure 2

Kaplan-Meier estimates of progression-free survival (A) and overall survival (B) by methylation status. In both figure panels, the black line represents unmethylated MGMT promoter patients and the blue line represents methylated MGMT promoter patients.

Figure 3

Quality of life as measured by the EORTC Core Quality of Life questionnaire (QLQ-C30 version 3) and brain cancer-specific health-related quality of life questionnaire (QLQ-BN20). Individual scales are shown on the Y-axis. The percentage change from baseline questionnaire administration to concurrent phase questionnaire administration (at approximately Week 3) is shown on the X-axis, including the range (black line represents minimum and gray line represents maximum), as well as the median (represented by black circle).