Anxiety Disorders in Williams Syndrome Contrasted with Intellectual Disability and the General Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

R Royston, P Howlin, J Waite, C Oliver, R Royston, P Howlin, J Waite, C Oliver

Abstract

Individuals with specific genetic syndromes associated with intellectual disability (ID), such as Williams syndrome (WS), are at increased risk for developing anxiety disorders. A systematic literature review identified sixteen WS papers that could generate pooled prevalence estimates of anxiety disorders for WS. A meta-analysis compared these estimates with prevalence estimates for the heterogeneous ID population and the general population. Estimated rates of anxiety disorders in WS were high. WS individuals were four times more likely to experience anxiety than individuals with ID, and the risk was also heightened compared to the general population. The results provide further evidence of an unusual profile of high anxiety in WS.

Keywords: Anxiety disorders; Genetic syndromes; Intellectual disability; Meta-analysis; Systematic review; Williams syndrome.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Research Involving Human Participants and/or Animals

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Informed Consent

Not applicable.

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