Comparative study of neuropharmacological, analgesic properties and phenolic profile of Ajwah, Safawy and Sukkari cultivars of date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera)

Bassem Yousef Sheikh, S M Neamul Kabir Zihad, Nazifa Sifat, Shaikh J Uddin, Jamil A Shilpi, Omer A A Hamdi, Hemayet Hossain, Razina Rouf, Ismet Ara Jahan, Bassem Yousef Sheikh, S M Neamul Kabir Zihad, Nazifa Sifat, Shaikh J Uddin, Jamil A Shilpi, Omer A A Hamdi, Hemayet Hossain, Razina Rouf, Ismet Ara Jahan

Abstract

In addition to the rich nutritional value, date palm is also used in various ethnobotanical practices for the treatment of various disease conditions. Present investigation was undertaken to examine the neuropharmacological and antinociceptive effect of the ethanol extract of three date cultivars growing in Saudi Arabia, namely Ajwah, Safawy and Sukkari. Neuropharmacological effect was observed by pentobarbitone induced sleeping time, open field, and hole board test. Antinociceptive activity was tested by acetic acid induced writhing and hot plate test. The date extracts were also subjected to HPLC analysis to detect the presence of common bioactive polyphenols. All the three date extracts extended the pentobarbitone induced sleeping time, reduced locomotor activity in open field test and reduced exploratory behaviour in hole board test in mice. The extracts also reduced acetic acid induced writhing and delayed response time in hot plate test. The activities were stronger for Ajwah than the other two date cultivars. HPLC analysis indicated the presence of trans-ferulic acid in all three cultivars, while (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin only in Ajwah and Safawy. The observed neuropharmacological and analgesic activity could be partly due to the presence of (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin and trans-ferulic acid, three important plant polyphenols well known for their neuroprotective activity and their ability to exert antioxidant activity on brain cells. Present investigation also supports the ethnobotanical use of date palm to provide ameliorating effects in pain and CNS disorders.

Keywords: (+)-catechin; (−)-epicatechin; Date palm; Hole board test; Open field test; Trans-ferulic acid.

Conflict of interest statement

Compliance with ethical standards Ethical statement The experimental protocols were approved by the Ethical Committee of Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Bangladesh. Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Pictures of date palms. a: Ajwah; b: Safawy; c: Sukkari
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
HPLC chromatogram of a standard mixture of polyphenolic compounds. Peaks 1: arbutin; 2: gallic acid; 3: hydroquinone; 4: (+)-catechin; 5: vanillic acid; 6: caffeic acid; 7: syringic acid; 8: (−)-epicatechin; 9: vanillin; 10: p-coumaric acid; 11: trans-ferulic acid; 12: rutin; 13: ellagic acid; 14: benzoic acid; 15: rosmarinic acid; 16: myricetin; 17: quercetin; 18: trans-cinnamic acid; 19: kaempferol
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
HPLC chromatogram of Ajwah date extract. Peaks 1: (+)-catechin; 2: (−)-epicatechin; 3: trans-ferulic acid; 4: rosmarinic acid
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
HPLC chromatogram of safawy date extract. Peaks 1: (+)-catechin; 2: (−)-epicatechin; 3: trans-ferulic acid
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
HPLC chromatogram of Sukkari date extract. Peaks 1: caffeic acid; 2: p-coumaric acid; 3: trans-ferulic acid

References

    1. Abuharfeil NM, Sukhon SE, Msameh Y, Sallal A-KJ. Effect of date fruits, Phoenix Dactyliferia L., on the hemolytic activity of Streptolysin O. Pharm Biol. 1999;37:335–339. doi: 10.1076/phbi.37.5.335.6051.
    1. Al-Farsi M, Alasalvar C, Morris A, Baron M, Shahidi F. Compositional and sensory characteristics of three native sun-dried date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties grown in Oman. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53:7586–7591. doi: 10.1021/jf050578y.
    1. Al-Maiman SA. Effect of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) seed fibers on plasma lipids in rats. J King Saud Univ Agric Sci. 2005;17:117–123.
    1. Al-Qarawi AA, Mousa HM, Ali BH, Abdel-Rahman H, El-Mougy SA. Protective effect of extracts from dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Int J Appl Res Vet Med. 2004;2:176–180.
    1. Al-Qarawi A, Abdel-Rahman H, Ali B, Mousa H, El-Mougy S. The ameliorative effect of dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;98:313–317. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.023.
    1. Al-Qarawi A, Abdel-Rahman H, Mousa H, Ali B, El-Mougy S. Nephroprotective action of Phoenix dactylifera. in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Pharm Biol. 2008;46:227–230. doi: 10.1080/13880200701739322.
    1. Baliga MS, Baliga BRV, Kandathil SM, Bhat HP, Vayalil PK. A review of the chemistry and pharmacology of the date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Food Res Int. 2011;44:1812–1822. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.07.004.
    1. Bauza E, Dal Farra C, Berghi A, Oberto G, Peyronel D, Domloge N. Date palm kernel extract exhibits antiaging properties and significantly reduces skin wrinkles. Int J Tissue React. 2001;24:131–136.
    1. Cheng CY, Su SY, Tang NY, Ho TY, Chiang SY, Hsieh CL. Ferulic acid provides neuroprotection against oxidative stress-related apoptosis after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting ICAM-1 mRNA expression in rats. Brain Res. 2008;1209:136–150. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.090.
    1. Chuanphongpanich S, Phanichphant S. Method development and determination of phenolic compounds in broccoli seeds samples. Chiang Mai J Sci. 2006;33:103–107.
    1. El-Ameen NMH, Taha MME, Abdelwahab SI, Khalid A, Elfatih F, Kamel MA, Sheikh BY. Anti-diabetic properties of thymoquinone is unassociated with glycogen phosphorylase inhibition. Phcog J. 2015;7:406–410. doi: 10.5530/pj.2015.6.16.
    1. El-Mougy S, Abdel-Aziz S, Al-Shanawany M, Omar A. The gonadotropic activity of Palmae in mature male rats. Alex J Pharm Sci. 1991;5:156–159.
    1. ffrench-Mullen JM, Barker JL, Rogawski MA. Calcium current block by (−)-pentobarbital, phenobarbital, and CHEB but not (+)-pentobarbital in acutely isolated hippocampal CA1 neurons: comparison with effects on GABA-activated Cl- current. J Neurosci. 1993;13:3211–3221.
    1. García M, Michelangeli F, Fernández Á, Villamizar JE, Salazar F, Taylor P. Anti-inflammatory effects of (+)-catechin isolated from the bark of Byrsonima crassifolia. Planta Med. 2013;79:PF12.
    1. Giacalone M, Di Sacco F, Traupe I, Topini R, Forfori F, Giunta F. Antioxidant and neuroprotective properties of blueberry polyphenols: a critical review. Nutr Neurosci. 2011;14:119–125. doi: 10.1179/1476830511Y.0000000007.
    1. Gill L. Ethnomedical uses of plants in Nigeria. Benin: Uniben Press; 1992.
    1. Guido F, et al. Chemical and aroma volatile compositions of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits at three maturation stages. Food Chem. 2011;127:1744–1754. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.02.051.
    1. Halabi MF, Sheikh BY. Anti-proliferative effect and phytochemical analysis of Cymbopogon citratus extract. BioMed Res Int. 2014;2014:906239. doi: 10.1155/2014/906239.
    1. Hmamouchi M. Les plantes médicinales et aromatiques marocaines: utilisation, biologie, écologie, chimie, pharmacologie, toxicologie, lexiques. Mohammedia: Imprimerie de Fédala; 1999.
    1. Hong YJ, Tomas-Barberan FA, Kader AA, Mitchell AE. The flavonoid glycosides and procyanidin composition of Deglet Noor dates (Phoenix dactylifera) J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54:2405–2411. doi: 10.1021/jf0581776.
    1. Ishurd O, Kennedy JF. The anti-cancer activity of polysaccharide prepared from Libyan dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Carbohydr Polym. 2005;59:531–535. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.11.004.
    1. Islam MK, et al. Antinociceptive and antioxidant activity of Zanthoxylum budrunga Wall (Rutaceae) seeds. Sci World J. 2014;2014:869537.
    1. Jassim SA, Naji MA. In vitro evaluation of the antiviral activity of an extract of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) pits on a Pseudomonas phage. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2010;7:57–62. doi: 10.1093/ecam/nem160.
    1. Kalantaripour T, Asadi-Shekaari M, Basiri M, Najar AG. Cerebroprotective effect of date seed extract (Phoenix dactylifera) on focal cerebral ischemia in male rats. J Biol Sci. 2012;12:180–185. doi: 10.3923/jbs.2012.180.185.
    1. Katsumichi M, Ryuichi M, Nobuki M (1997) Pulverized dried plants as sleeping aids. Japanese patent, JP 09023851, Available from SciFinder Scholar (25 June 2015)
    1. Kikuchi N, Miki T. The separation of date (Phoenix dactylifera) sterols by liquid chromatography. Microchim Acta. 1978;69:89–96. doi: 10.1007/BF01196983.
    1. Lorke D. A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Arch Toxicol. 1983;54:275–287. doi: 10.1007/BF01234480.
    1. Luo L, Sun Y. Neuroprotective effect of ferulic acid in vitro. Zhong Yao Cai. 2011;34:1750–1753.
    1. Lv WH, Zhang L, Wu SJ, Chen SZ, Zhu XB, Pan JC. Analgesic effect of ferulic acid on CCl mice: behavior and neurobiological analysis. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2013;38:3736–3741.
    1. Mandel S, Youdim MBH. Catechin polyphenols: neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004;37:304–317. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.012.
    1. Mansouri A, Embarek G, Kokkalou E, Kefalas P. Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of the Algerian ripe date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera) Food Chem. 2005;89:411–420. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.02.051.
    1. Maulidiani M, Sheikh BY, Mediani A, Wei LS, Ismail IS, Abas F, Lajis NH. Differentiation of Nigella sativa seeds from four different origins and their bioactivity correlations based on NMR-metabolomics approach. Phytochem Lett. 2015;13:308–318. doi: 10.1016/j.phytol.2015.07.012.
    1. Mohamadin AM, Sheikh B, El-Aal AAA, Elberry AA, Al-Abbasi FA. Protective effects of Nigella sativa oil on propoxur-induced toxicity and oxidative stress in rat brain regions. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2010;98:128–134. doi: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2010.05.011.
    1. Mohamed DA, Al-Okabi S. In vivo evaluation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of different extracts of date fruits in adjuvant arthritis. Pol J Food Nutr Sci. 2004;13:397–402.
    1. Mondal H, et al. Central-stimulating and analgesic activity of the ethanolic extract of Alternanthera sessilis in mice. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14:398. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-398.
    1. Murata T, et al. Altered pain perception and inflammatory response in mice lacking prostacyclin receptor. Nature. 1997;388:678–682. doi: 10.1038/41780.
    1. Nehlig A. The neuroprotective effects of cocoa flavanol and its influence on cognitive performance. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;75:716–727.
    1. Ozaki Y. Antiinflammatory effect of tetramethylpyrazine and ferulic acid. Chem Pharm Bull. 1992;40:954–956. doi: 10.1248/cpb.40.954.
    1. Pujari RR, Vyawahare NS, Kagathara VG. Evaluation of antioxidant and neuroprotective effect of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) against bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 2011;49:627–633.
    1. Puri A, Sahai R, Singh KL, Saxena R, Tandon J, Saxena K. Immunostimulant activity of dry fruits and plant materials used in Indian traditional medical system for mothers after child birth and invalids. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;71:89–92. doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00181-6.
    1. Selvam A. Inventory of vegetable crude drug samples housed in botanical survey of India, Howrah. Pharmacogn Rev. 2008;2:61–94.
    1. Shanmugapriya M, Patwardhan K. Uses of date palm in Ayurveda. In: Manickavasagan A, Essa MM, Sukumar E, editors. Dates: production, processing, food, and medicinal values. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2012. pp. 377–385.
    1. Sheikh BY, Mohamadin AM. Thymoquinone a potential therapy for cerebral oxidative stress. Asian J Nat Appl Sci. 2012;1:76–92.
    1. Sheikh BY, Elsaed WM, Samman AH, Sheikh BY, Ladin A-MMB. Ajwa dates as a protective agent against liver toxicity in rat. Eur Sci J. 2014;10:358–368.
    1. Shilpi JA, Uddin SJ, Rouf R, Billah MM. Central nervous system depressant activity of Diospyros peregrina bark. Orient Pharm Exp Med. 2004;4:249–252. doi: 10.3742/OPEM.2004.4.4.249.
    1. Shraideh ZA, Abu-Elteen KH, Sallal A-KJ. Ultrastructural effects of date extract on Candida albicans. Mycopathologia. 1998;142:119–123. doi: 10.1023/A:1006901019786.
    1. Taha MME, et al. Effectiveness of Sidr Honey on the prevention of ethanol-induced gastroulcerogenesis: role of antioxidant and antiapoptotic mechanism. Phcog J. 2015;7:157–164. doi: 10.5530/pj.2015.3.3.
    1. Takagi K, Wantanabe M, Saito H. Studies of the spontaneous movement of animals by the hole cross test; effect of 2-dimethyl-aminoethanol and its acyl esters on the central nervous system. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1971;21:797–810. doi: 10.1254/jjp.21.797.
    1. Tian Y (2014) A seaweed-blueberry compound beverage and processing method. Chinese patent, CN 103989221, Available from SciFinder Scholar (25 June 2015)
    1. Uddin S, Shilpi J, Rahman M, Ferdous M, Rouf R, Sarker S. Assessment of neuropharmacological activities of Pandanus foetidus (Pandanaceae) in mice. Pharmazie. 2006;61:362–364.
    1. Vayalil PK. Antioxidant and antimutagenic properties of aqueous extract of date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae) J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50:610–617. doi: 10.1021/jf010716t.
    1. Wang H, Cao Z. Anti-inflammatory Effects of (−)-epicatechin in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Trop J Pharm Res. 2014;13:1415–1419. doi: 10.4314/tjpr.v13i9.6.
    1. Wang JY, Wen LL, Huang YN, Chen YT, Ku MC. Dual effects of antioxidants in neurodegeneration: direct neuroprotection against oxidative stress and indirect protection via suppression of glia-mediated inflammation. Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12:3521–3533. doi: 10.2174/138161206778343109.
    1. Wigdor S, Wilcox GL. Central and systemic morphine-induced antinociception in mice: contribution of descending serotonergic and noradrenergic pathways. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1987;242:90–95.
    1. Wu W, et al. Neuroprotective ferulic acid (FA)-glycol chitosan (GC) nanoparticles for functional restoration of traumatically injured spinal cord. Biomaterials. 2014;35:2355–2364. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.074.
    1. Yang DJ, Liu SC, Chen YC, Hsu SH, Chang YP, Lin JT. Three pathways assess anti-inflammatory response of epicatechin with lipopolysaccharide-mediated Macrophage RAW 264.7 Cells. J Food Biochem. 2015;39:334–343. doi: 10.1111/jfbc.12134.
    1. Zaid A, Arias-Jiménez EJ (2002) Date palm cultivation. Rome: United Nations FAO plant production and protection (, accessed on 10 Dec 2015)
    1. Ziyyat A, Legssyer A, Mekhfi H, Dassouli A, Serhrouchni M, Benjelloun W. Phytotherapy of hypertension and diabetes in oriental Morocco. J Ethnopharmacol. 1997;58:45–54. doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(97)00077-9.

Source: PubMed

Patrocinadores e Colaboradores

Condições médicas

Intervenções de drogas

3
Se inscrever