Families as Partners in Hospital Error and Adverse Event Surveillance

Abstract

Importance: Medical errors and adverse events (AEs) are common among hospitalized children. While clinician reports are the foundation of operational hospital safety surveillance and a key component of multifaceted research surveillance, patient and family reports are not routinely gathered. We hypothesized that a novel family-reporting mechanism would improve incident detection.

Objective: To compare error and AE rates (1) gathered systematically with vs without family reporting, (2) reported by families vs clinicians, and (3) reported by families vs hospital incident reports.

Design, setting, and participants: We conducted a prospective cohort study including the parents/caregivers of 989 hospitalized patients 17 years and younger (total 3902 patient-days) and their clinicians from December 2014 to July 2015 in 4 US pediatric centers. Clinician abstractors identified potential errors and AEs by reviewing medical records, hospital incident reports, and clinician reports as well as weekly and discharge Family Safety Interviews (FSIs). Two physicians reviewed and independently categorized all incidents, rating severity and preventability (agreement, 68%-90%; κ, 0.50-0.68). Discordant categorizations were reconciled. Rates were generated using Poisson regression estimated via generalized estimating equations to account for repeated measures on the same patient.

Main outcomes and measures: Error and AE rates.

Results: Overall, 746 parents/caregivers consented for the study. Of these, 717 completed FSIs. Their median (interquartile range) age was 32.5 (26-40) years; 380 (53.0%) were nonwhite, 566 (78.9%) were female, 603 (84.1%) were English speaking, and 380 (53.0%) had attended college. Of 717 parents/caregivers completing FSIs, 185 (25.8%) reported a total of 255 incidents, which were classified as 132 safety concerns (51.8%), 102 nonsafety-related quality concerns (40.0%), and 21 other concerns (8.2%). These included 22 preventable AEs (8.6%), 17 nonharmful medical errors (6.7%), and 11 nonpreventable AEs (4.3%) on the study unit. In total, 179 errors and 113 AEs were identified from all sources. Family reports included 8 otherwise unidentified AEs, including 7 preventable AEs. Error rates with family reporting (45.9 per 1000 patient-days) were 1.2-fold (95% CI, 1.1-1.2) higher than rates without family reporting (39.7 per 1000 patient-days). Adverse event rates with family reporting (28.7 per 1000 patient-days) were 1.1-fold (95% CI, 1.0-1.2; P = .006) higher than rates without (26.1 per 1000 patient-days). Families and clinicians reported similar rates of errors (10.0 vs 12.8 per 1000 patient-days; relative rate, 0.8; 95% CI, .5-1.2) and AEs (8.5 vs 6.2 per 1000 patient-days; relative rate, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.8-2.2). Family-reported error rates were 5.0-fold (95% CI, 1.9-13.0) higher and AE rates 2.9-fold (95% CI, 1.2-6.7) higher than hospital incident report rates.

Conclusions and relevance: Families provide unique information about hospital safety and should be included in hospital safety surveillance in order to facilitate better design and assessment of interventions to improve safety.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Drs Landrigan, Sectish, Spector, Srivastava, Starmer, and West have consulted with and hold equity in the I-PASS Institute, which seeks to train institutions in best handoff practices and aid in their implementation. Drs Sectish, Spector, Srivastava, Starmer, and West have received monetary awards, honoraria, and travel reimbursement from multiple academic and professional organizations for teaching and consulting on physician performance and handoffs. Drs Landrigan and Srivastava are supported in part by the Children’s Hospital Association for their work as Executive Council members of the Pediatric Research in Inpatient Settings (PRIS) network. Dr Landrigan has also served as a paid consultant to Virgin Pulse to help develop a Sleep and Health Program. In addition, Dr Landrigan has received monetary awards, honoraria, and travel reimbursement from multiple academic and professional organizations for teaching and consulting on sleep deprivation, physician performance, handoffs, and safety and has served as an expert witness in cases regarding patient safety and sleep deprivation. No other disclosures were reported.

Figures

Figure 1. Systematic Surveillance of Errors and Adverse Events (AEs)

The established 2-step, prospective, systematic surveillance methodology currently considered highest yield for detecting errors and AEs in safety surveillance research.,, Notably, patients and families are absent from this process. Our study integrated family safety reports into the first step of this process.

Figure 2. Sources of Errors and Adverse Events (AEs)

Sources of medical errors as validated through 2-step methodology (research clinician review followed by review by 2 physicians) across all 4 sites. Additional sources of medical errors included observation (eg, by study nurse while on unit; n = 12) and other (n = 8). Additional sources of AEs included observation (n = 7) and other (n = 4). aCategories are not mutually exclusive, so numbers do not sum to 179 errors and 113 AEs. bThere were 0 unique medical errors reported through hospital incident reports.