Effect of Exercise Training on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Among Patients With Resistant Hypertension: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract

Importance: Limited evidence suggests exercise reduces blood pressure (BP) in individuals with resistant hypertension, a clinical population with low responsiveness to drug therapy.

Objective: To determine whether an aerobic exercise training intervention reduces ambulatory BP among patients with resistant hypertension.

Design, settings, and participants: The Exercise Training in the Treatment of Resistant Hypertension (EnRicH) trial is a prospective, 2-center, single-blinded randomized clinical trial performed at 2 hospital centers in Portugal from March 2017 to December 2019. A total of 60 patients with a diagnosis of resistant hypertension aged 40 to 75 years were prospectively enrolled and observed at the hospitals' hypertension outpatient clinic.

Interventions: Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to a 12-week moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training program (exercise group) or a usual care control group. The exercise group performed three 40-minute supervised sessions per week in addition to usual care.

Main outcomes and measures: The powered primary efficacy measure was 24-hour ambulatory systolic BP change from baseline. Secondary outcomes included daytime and nighttime ambulatory BP, office BP, and cardiorespiratory fitness.

Results: A total of 53 patients completed the study, including 26 in the exercise group and 27 in the control group. Of these, 24 (45%) were women, and the mean (SD) age was 60.1 (8.7) years. Compared with the control group, among those in the exercise group, 24-hour ambulatory systolic BP was reduced by 7.1 mm Hg (95% CI, -12.8 to -1.4; P = .02). Additionally, 24-hour ambulatory diastolic BP (-5.1 mm Hg; 95% CI, -7.9 to -2.3; P = .001), daytime systolic BP (-8.4 mm Hg; 95% CI, -14.3 to -2.5; P = .006), and daytime diastolic BP (-5.7 mm Hg; 95% CI, -9.0 to -2.4; P = .001) were reduced in the exercise group compared with the control group. Office systolic BP (-10.0 mm Hg; 95% CI, -17.6 to -2.5; P = .01) and cardiorespiratory fitness (5.05 mL/kg per minute of oxygen consumption; 95% CI, 3.5 to 6.6; P < .001) also improved in the exercise group compared with the control group.

Conclusions and relevance: A 12-week aerobic exercise program reduced 24-hour and daytime ambulatory BP as well as office systolic BP in patients with resistant hypertension. These findings provide clinicians with evidence to embrace moderate-intensity aerobic exercise as a standard coadjutant therapy targeting this patient population.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03090529.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.

Figures

Figure 1.. Flow Diagram Depicting the Study Design

Figure 2.. Changes in Ambulatory and Office Blood Pressure (BP)

Change from baseline to the end of treatment in 24-hour and daytime ambulatory BP as well as office systolic and diastolic BP in the exercise and control groups. Significant changes from baseline to the end of the intervention in 24-hour, daytime, and office systolic and diastolic BP were observed in the exercise group compared with the control group. There was a significant between-group difference in favor of the exercise group for 24-hour and daytime ambulatory systolic and diastolic BP and for office systolic BP. Error bars indicate standard deviations.