A randomized controlled clinical trial of Ocimum sanctum and chlorhexidine mouthwash on dental plaque and gingival inflammation

Devanand Gupta, Dara John Bhaskar, Rajendra Kumar Gupta, Bushra Karim, Ankita Jain, Rajeshwar Singh, Wahaja Karim, Devanand Gupta, Dara John Bhaskar, Rajendra Kumar Gupta, Bushra Karim, Ankita Jain, Rajeshwar Singh, Wahaja Karim

Abstract

Background: Periodontal diseases are ubiquitous, affecting all dentate animals. Regular methods for controlling it have been found to be ineffective, which have paved the way for the use of herbal products as an adjunctive to mechanical therapy as they are free to untoward effects and hence can be used for a long period of time. Ocimum sanctum is a plant which has the greater medicinal value and enormous properties for curing and preventing disease.

Objective: In the present study we assessed the effectiveness of Ocimum sanctum on dental plaque, gingival inflammation and comparison with gold standard chlorhexidine and normal saline (placebo).

Materials and methods: A triple blind randomized control trial was conducted among volunteered medical students. They were randomly allocated into three study groups: (1) Ocimum sanctum mouthwash (n = 36); (2) Chlorhexidine (active control) (n = 36); (3) normal saline (negative control) (n = 36). Assessment was carried out according to plaque score and gingival score. Statistical analysis was carried out later to compare the effect of both mouthwash. ANOVA (Analysis of variance) and post-hoc LSD tests were performed using software package used for statistical analysis (SPSS) version 17. P ≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results: Our result showed that Ocimum sanctum mouthrinse is equally effective in reducing plaque and gingivitis as Chlorhexidine. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in gingival bleeding and plaque indices in both groups over a period of 15 and 30 days as compared to control group.

Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that Ocimum sanctum mouthrinse may prove to be an effective mouthwash owing to its ability in decreasing periodontal indices by reducing plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation and bleeding. It has no side effect as compared to chlorhexidine.

Keywords: Chlorhexidine; Ocimum sanctum; gingival index; plaque index.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest: None declared.

Figures

Graph 1
Graph 1
Plaque index
Graph 2
Graph 2
Gngival index
Graph 3
Graph 3
Percentage change in Plaque index over a period of 30 days
Graph 4
Graph 4
Percentage change in Gingival index over a period of 30 days

References

    1. Hugoson A, Norderyd O. Has the prevalence of periodontitis changed during the last 30 years? J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35:338–45.
    1. Löe H, Theilade E, Jensen SB. Experimental gingivitis in man. J Periodontol. 1965;36:177–87.
    1. Axelsson P, Lindhe J. Effect of controlled oral hygiene procedures on caries and periodontal disease in adults. Results after 6 years. J Clin Periodontol. 1981;8:239–48.
    1. Selwitz RH, Ismail AI, Pitts NB. Dental caries. Lancet. 2007;369:51–9.
    1. Paraskevas S. Randomized controlled clinical trials on agents used for chemical plaque control. Int J Dent Hyg. 2005;3:162–78.
    1. Zhan L, Featherstone JD, Gansky SA, Hoover CI, Fujino T, Berkowitz RJ, et al. Antibacterial treatment needed for severe early childhood caries. J Public Health Dent. 2006;66:174–9.
    1. Van Strydonck DA, Slot DE, Van der Velden U, Van der Weijden F. Effect of a chlorhexidine mouthrinse on plaque, gingival inflammation and staining in gingivitis patients: A systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2012;39:1042–55.
    1. Botelho MA, Bezerra-Filho JG, Correa LL, Heukelbach J. Effect of a novel essential oil mouthrinse without alcohol on gingivitis: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial. J Appl Oral Sci. 2007;15:175–80.
    1. Ribeiro LG, Hashizume LN, Maltz M. The effect of different formulations of chlorhexidine in reducing level of mutan streptococci in the oral cavity. J Dent. 2007;35:359–70.
    1. Twetman S. Antimicrobials in future caries control. Caries Res. 2004;38:223–9.
    1. Gupta D, Bhaskar DJ, Gupta RK, Karim B, Gupta V, Punia H, et al. Effect of Terminalia chebula Extract and Chlorhexidine on Salivary pH and Periodontal Health: 2 Weeks Randomized Control Trial. Phytother Res. 2013 [In press]
    1. Autio-Gold J. The role of chlorhexidine in caries prevention. Oper Dent. 2008;33:710–6.
    1. Ahonkhai I, Ba A, Edogun O, Mu U. Antimicrobial activities of the volatile oils of Ocimum bacilicum L. and Ocimum gratissimum L. (Lamiaceae) against some aerobic dental isolates. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2009;22:405–9.
    1. Turesky S, Gilmore ND, Glickman I. Reduced plaque formation by the chloromethyl analogue of Victamine C. J Periodontol. 1970;41:41–3.
    1. Loe H, Silness J. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. Prevalence and severity. Acta Odontol Scand. 1963;21:533–51.
    1. Pattanayak P, Behera P, Das D, Panda SK. Ocimum sanctum Linn. A reservoir plant for therapeutic applications: An overview. Pharmacogn Rev. 2010;4:95–105.
    1. Geeta, Vasudevan DM, Kedlaya R, Deepa S, Ballal M. Activity of Ocimum sanctum (the traditional Indian medicinal plant) against enteric pathogens. Indian J Med Sci. 2001;55:434–8.
    1. Singh PH. 1st ed. India: CRC Press; 2002. Rasayana: Ayurvedic Herbs for Longevity and Rejuvenation; pp. 272–80.
    1. Shokeen P, Bala M, Sing M, Tandon V. In vitro activity of eugenol, an active component from Ocimum sanctum, against multiresistant and susceptible strains of Neisseria gonorrhea. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2008;32:172–9.
    1. Kelm MA, Nair MG, Strasburg GM, DeWitt DL. Antioxidant and cyclooxygenase inhibitory phenolic compounds from Ocimum sanctum Linn. Phytomedicine. 2000;7:7–13.
    1. Jaggi RK, Madan R, Singh B. Anticonvulsant potential of holy basil, Ocimum sanctum Linn., and its cultures. Indian J Exp Biol. 2003;41:1329–33.
    1. Singh S. Comparative evaluation of antiinflammatory potential of fixed oil of different species of Ocimum and its possible mechanism of action. Indian J Exp Biol. 1998;36:1028–31.
    1. Singh S, Majumdar DK. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of fatty acid of Ocimum Sanctum fixed oil. Indian J Exp Biol. 1997;35:380–5.
    1. Agarwal P, Nagesh L, Murlikrishnan Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of various concentrations of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) extract against Streptococcus mutans: An in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res. 2010;21:357–9.
    1. Prakash P, Gupta N. Therapeutic uses of Ocimum sanctum linn (Ocimum sanctum) with a note on eugenol and its pharmacological actions: A short review. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005;49:125–31.
    1. Gupta D, Bhaskar DJ, Gupta RK. 1st ed. Gemany: Lap Lambert Academic Publishing; 2013. Contemporary and Alternative Dentistry: Ayurveda in Dentistry.
    1. Franco Neto CA, Parolo CC, Rösing CK, Maltz M. Comparative analysis of the effect of two chlorhexidine mouthrinses on plaque accumulation and gingival bleeding. Braz Oral Res. 2008;22:139–44.
    1. Najafi MH, Taheri M, Mokhtari MR, Forouzanfar A, Farazi F, Mirzaee M, et al. Comparative study of 0.2% and 0.12% digluconate chlorhexidine mouth rinses on the level of dental staining and gingival indices. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2012;9:305–8.
    1. Herrera D. Chlorhexidine mouthwash reduces plaque and gingivitis. Evid Based Dent. 2013;14:17–8.

Source: PubMed

Patrocinadores e Colaboradores

Condições médicas

Intervenções de drogas

3
Se inscrever