The Optimal Speed for Cortical Activation of Passive Wrist Movements Performed by a Rehabilitation Robot: A Functional NIRS Study

Sung Jin Bae, Sung Ho Jang, Jeong Pyo Seo, Pyung Hun Chang, Sung Jin Bae, Sung Ho Jang, Jeong Pyo Seo, Pyung Hun Chang

Abstract

Objectives: To advance development of rehabilitation robots, the conditions to induce appropriate brain activation during rehabilitation performed by robots should be optimized, based on the concept of brain plasticity. In this study, we examined differences in cortical activation according to the speed of passive wrist movements performed by a rehabilitation robot. Methods: Twenty three normal subjects participated in this study. Passive movements of the right wrist were performed by the wrist rehabilitation robot at three different speeds: 0.25 Hz; slow, 0.5 Hz; moderate and 0.75 Hz; fast. We used functional near-infrared spectroscopy to measure the brain activity accompanying the passive movements performed by a robot. The relative changes in oxy-hemoglobin (HbO) were measured in two regions of interest (ROI): the primary sensory-motor cortex (SM1) and premotor area (PMA). Results: In the left SM1 the HbO value was significantly higher at 0.5 Hz, compared with movements performed at 0.25 Hz and 0.75 Hz (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were observed in the left PMA (p > 0.05). In the group analysis, the left SM1 was activated during passive movements at three speeds (uncorrected p < 0.05) and the greatest activation in the SM1 was observed at 0.5 Hz. Conclusions: In conclusion, the contralateral SM1 showed the greatest activation by a moderate speed (0.5 Hz) rather than slow (0.25 Hz) and fast (0.75 Hz) speed. Our results suggest an ideal speed for execution of the wrist rehabilitation robot. Therefore, our results might provide useful data for more effective and empirically-based robot rehabilitation therapy.

Keywords: brain plasticity; cortical activation; functional NIRS; rehabilitation robot; wrist rehabilitation.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(A) The wrist rehabilitation robot. Lateral view of the wrist rehabilitation robot, the hand part (dotted line), wrist part (solid line) and forearm part (dashed line). (B) A front view of robot and subjects with the trunk strap and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) optodes. (C) Wrist flexion of the robot. (D) Wrist extension of the robot.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) The arrangement of NIRS optodes and channels. Twenty NIRS optodes (10 light sources and 10 detectors) are arranged in a four by five rectangular arrangement for employment of a 30 channel system. (B) Two regions of interest (ROI) based on Brodmann’s area (BA) and anatomical location of areas of the brain. The primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1): BA 1, 2, 3 and 4; The premotor area (PMA): BA 6. (C) Group-average activation map of oxy-hemoglobin (HbO) during performance of passive wrist movements by the wrist rehabilitation robot at three different speeds using NIRS-SPM (uncorrected, p < 0.05).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Comparisons of HbO values in each ROI by three different speeds of passive wrist movements with standard error bar. HbO, oxy-hemoglobin; SM1, the primary sensory-motor cortex. *p < 0.05.

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