Exploring Hemodynamic Responses Using Mirror Visual Feedback With Electromyogram-Triggered Stimulation and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Yuji Inagaki, Kazunori Seki, Hitoshi Makino, Yuichirou Matsuo, Tamaki Miyamoto, Katsunori Ikoma, Yuji Inagaki, Kazunori Seki, Hitoshi Makino, Yuichirou Matsuo, Tamaki Miyamoto, Katsunori Ikoma

Abstract

In recent years, mirror visual feedback (MVF) therapy combined with electrical stimulation (ES) have been proposed for patients with hemiparesis. However, the neurophysiological effect remains unknown. We investigated the effects of MVF by itself and along with electromyogram-triggered ES (ETES) on hemodynamic responses using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Eighteen healthy subjects participated in this study. We measured changes in brain oxygenation using 48 NIRS channels. We investigated the effects of three main factors of visual feedback (observation of a mark, right hand, and hand movements via mirror) with or without ES on bilateral precentral gyrus (PrG), postcentral gyrus (PoG), supplementary motor area (SMA), supramarginal gyrus area (SMG), and angular gyrus (AG) to determine the contribution of each factor. The results showed that the left PoG was significantly more activated when performing mirrored tasks (MT) than when performing circle or Right-hand Tasks (RTs). In addition, the right PoG and right SMA in MT were significantly more activated than in MT + ES cases. Our findings suggested that observation of movements through the mirror caused activation of the postcentral gyrus rather than the PrG, and MVF along with ETES decreased cortical activation.

Keywords: electric stimulation; electromyogram; mirror visual feedback; near-infrared spectroscopy; postcentral gyrus.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic illustration of the experimental setup. The arrow in each task represents where the subjects were asked to look. The shaded portion indicates the areas that cannot be observed by subjects.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) channels setting. The red square indicates the optical sources and the blue square indicates the detector. The midline shows T3-Cz-T4 line.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) concentration in the left postcentral gyrus (PoG). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Time course of mean activation changes in oxy-Hb in response to Circle Task (CT), Right-hand Task (RT), and Mirror Task (MT) in left PoG that shows significant differences between groups.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Oxy-Hb concentration in the right PoG. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Time course of mean activation changes in oxy-Hb in response to RT, Right-hand + electrical stimulation (ES) Task, MT, and Mirror + ES Task in Right PoG that shows significant differences between groups.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Oxy-Hb concentration in the right supplementary motor area (SMA). *p < 0.05.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Time course of mean activation changes in oxy-Hb in response to MT and Mirror + ES Task in right SMA that shows significant differences between groups.

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