Gut Biofactory-Neurocompetent Metabolites within the Gastrointestinal Tract. A Scoping Review

Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Karolina Jakubczyk, Dominika Maciejewska-Markiewicz, Katarzyna Janda, Karolina Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka, Mariusz Kaczmarczyk, Igor Łoniewski, Wojciech Marlicz, Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Karolina Jakubczyk, Dominika Maciejewska-Markiewicz, Katarzyna Janda, Karolina Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka, Mariusz Kaczmarczyk, Igor Łoniewski, Wojciech Marlicz

Abstract

The gut microbiota have gained much scientific attention recently. Apart from unravelling the taxonomic data, we should understand how the altered microbiota structure corresponds to functions of this complex ecosystem. The metabolites of intestinal microorganisms, especially bacteria, exert pleiotropic effects on the human organism and contribute to the host systemic balance. These molecules play key roles in regulating immune and metabolic processes. A subset of them affect the gut brain axis signaling and balance the mental wellbeing. Neurotransmitters, short chain fatty acids, tryptophan catabolites, bile acids and phosphatidylcholine, choline, serotonin, and L-carnitine metabolites possess high neuroactive potential. A scoping literature search in PubMed/Embase was conducted up until 20 June 2020, using three major search terms "microbiota metabolites" AND "gut brain axis" AND "mental health". This review aimed to enhance our knowledge regarding the gut microbiota functional capacity, and support current and future attempts to create new compounds for future clinical interventions.

Keywords: brain; microbiome; neurotransmitters; short chain fatty acids; tryptophan.

Conflict of interest statement

Igor Łoniewski and Wojciech Marlicz are probiotic company (Sanprobi) co-founders and shareholders. Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka and Mariusz Kaczmarczyk receive remuneration from Sanprobi probiotic company for laboratory and bioinformatic analyses, respectively.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Gut microbiota metabolites and their neuroactive potential. SCFA—short chain fatty acid; TRYCAT—tryptophan catabolites; TRP— tryptophan; CNS—central nervous system; BBB—blood brain barrier. Created with Biorender.com.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The role of the gut microbiota and the gut–brain axis in the development of mental disorders. BAs, bile acids; TMA, trimethylamine; KP, kynurenine pathway; GABA, gamma–amino butyric acid; SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids. Created with Biorender.com.

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Source: PubMed

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