Estimation of the Percentage of US Patients With Cancer Who Are Eligible for and Respond to Checkpoint Inhibitor Immunotherapy Drugs

Alyson Haslam, Vinay Prasad, Alyson Haslam, Vinay Prasad

Abstract

Importance: Immunotherapy checkpoint inhibitors have generated considerable interest because of durable responses in a number of hitherto intractable tumor types.

Objective: To estimate the percentage of patients with cancer in the United States who are eligible for and respond to checkpoint inhibitor drugs approved for oncology indications by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Design, setting, and participants: Retrospective cross-sectional study performed from June 2018 through October 2018 using publicly available data to determine (1) demographic characteristics of patients with advanced or metastatic cancer, (2) FDA data on checkpoint inhibitors approved from January 2011 through August 2018, (3) measures of response from drug labels, and (4) published reports estimating the frequency of various inclusion criteria.

Main outcomes and measures: The estimated percentages of US patients with cancer who are eligible for and who respond to immunotherapy checkpoint inhibitor drugs, by year.

Results: Six checkpoint inhibitor drugs were approved for 14 indications between March 25, 2011, and August 17, 2018. The estimated percentage of patients with cancer who were eligible for checkpoint inhibitor drugs increased from 1.54% (95% CI, 1.51%-1.57%) in 2011 to 43.63% (95% CI, 43.51%-43.75%) in 2018. The percentage of patients with cancer estimated to respond to checkpoint inhibitor drugs was 0.14% (95% CI, 0.13%-0.15%) in 2011 when ipilimumab was approved for unresectable or metastatic melanoma and increased to 5.86% (95% CI, 5.80%-5.92%) by 2015. By 2018, the estimated percentage of responders increased to 12.46% (95% CI, 12.37%-12.54%).

Conclusions and relevance: The estimated percentages of patients who are eligible for and who respond to checkpoint inhibitor drugs are higher than reported estimates for drugs approved for genome-driven oncology but remain modest. Future research should explore biomarkers to maximize the benefit of immunotherapy among patients receiving it.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Prasad reported receiving royalties from his book Ending Medical Reversal; funding from the Laura and John Arnold Foundation; honoraria for Grand Rounds and lectures from several universities, medical centers, nonprofit groups, and professional societies; serving as a writer for Medscape; and making the podcast Plenary Session, which has Patreon backers, outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.

Figures

Figure 1.. Percentage of US Patients With…
Figure 1.. Percentage of US Patients With Cancer Who May Benefit From and Respond to Checkpoint Inhibitor Immunology Drugs (2011-2018)
Figure 2.. Percentage of US Patients With…
Figure 2.. Percentage of US Patients With Cancer Eligible to Receive Checkpoint Inhibitor Drugs and Percentage Who Respond, by Cancer Type, in 2018
HNSCC indicates head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; MSI-H, microsatellite instability–high; and PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand 1.

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