The influence of locus of control on self-rated health in context of chronic disease: a structural equation modeling approach in a cross sectional study

Erik Berglund, Per Lytsy, Ragnar Westerling, Erik Berglund, Per Lytsy, Ragnar Westerling

Abstract

Background: Self-rated health is a robust predictor of several health outcomes, such as functional ability, health care utilization, morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study is to investigate and explore how health locus of control and disease burden relate to self-rated health among patients at risk for cardiovascular disease.

Methods: In 2009, 414 Swedish patients who were using statins completed a questionnaire about their health, diseases and their views on the three-dimensional health locus of control scale. The scale determines which category of health locus of control - internal, chance or powerful others - a patient most identifies with. The data was analyzed using logistic regression and a structural equation modeling approach.

Results: The analyses showed positive associations between internal health locus of control and self-rated health, and a negative association between health locus of control in chance and powerful others and self-rated health. High internal health locus of control was negatively associated with the cumulative burden of diseases, while health locus of control in chance and powerful others were positively associated with burden of diseases. In addition, age and education level had indirect associations with self-rated health through health locus of control.

Conclusions: This study suggests that self-rated health is positively correlated with internal locus of control and negatively associated with high locus of control in chance and powerful others in patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, disease burden seems to be negatively associated with self-rated health.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Research framework and model construction. This HDLoC model outlines how the theory was implemented in the empirical pathway analysis.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Structural equation model analysis of data outlined after the theoretical framework generated through a partial least squares estimation technique, with path coefficients of the pathway model (i.e. inner model). The model outlines the hypothesized relationships among the factors in the HDLoC model. Significant direct associations between latent variables are presented in bold.

References

    1. Idler EL, Russell LB, Davis D. Survival, functional limitations, and self-rated health in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, 1992. First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152(9):874–883. doi: 10.1093/aje/152.9.874.
    1. Idler EL, Kasl SV. Self-ratings of health: do they also predict change in functional ability? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1995;50(6):S344–S353.
    1. Bergvik S, Sorlie T, Wynn R. Coronary patients who returned to work had stronger internal locus of control beliefs than those who did not return to work. Br J Health Psychol. 2012;17(3):596–608. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02058.x.
    1. Miilunpalo S, Vuori I, Oja P, Pasanen M, Urponen H. Self-rated health status as a health measure: the predictive value of self-reported health status on the use of physician services and on mortality in the working-age population. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50(5):517–528. doi: 10.1016/S0895-4356(97)00045-0.
    1. Kaplan GA, Goldberg DE, Everson SA, Cohen RD, Salonen R, Tuomilehto J, Salonen J. Perceived health status and morbidity and mortality: evidence from the Kuopio ischaemic heart disease risk factor study. Int J Epidemiol. 1996;25(2):259–265. doi: 10.1093/ije/25.2.259.
    1. Emmelin M, Weinehall L, Stegmayr B, Dahlgren L, Stenlund H, Wall S. Self-rated ill-health strengthens the effect of biomedical risk factors in predicting stroke, especially for men – an incident case referent study. J Hypertens. 2003;21(5):887–896. doi: 10.1097/00004872-200305000-00012.
    1. Idler EL, Benyamini Y. Self-rated health and mortality: a review of twenty-seven community studies. J Health Soc Behav. 1997;38(1):21–37. doi: 10.2307/2955359.
    1. DeSalvo KB, Bloser N, Reynolds K, He J, Muntner P. Mortality prediction with a single general self-rated health question. A meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21(3):267–275. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.00291.x.
    1. Singh-Manoux A, Gueguen A, Martikainen P, Ferrie J, Marmot M, Shipley M. Self-rated health and mortality: short- and long-term associations in the Whitehall II study. Psychosom Med. 2007;69(2):138–143. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e318030483a.
    1. Mossey JM, Shapiro E. Self-rated health: a predictor of mortality among the elderly. Am J Public Health. 1982;72(8):800–808. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.72.8.800.
    1. Siegel M, Bradley EH, Kasl SV. Self-rated life expectancy as a predictor of mortality: evidence from the HRS and AHEAD surveys. Gerontology. 2003;49(4):265–271. doi: 10.1159/000070409.
    1. Strawbridge WJ, Wallhagen MI. Self-rated health and mortality over three decades results from a time-dependent covariate analysis. Research on Aging. 1999;21(3):402–416. doi: 10.1177/0164027599213003.
    1. Wu S, Wang R, Zhao Y, Ma X, Wu M, Yan X, He J. The relationship between self-rated health and objective health status: a population-based study. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:320. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-320.
    1. Heritage Z, Wilkinson RG, Grimaud O, Pickett KE. Impact of social ties on self reported health in France: is everyone affected equally? BMC Public Health. 2008;8:243. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-243.
    1. Hasson D, Arnetz BB, Theorell T, Anderberg UM. Predictors of self-rated health: a 12-month prospective study of IT and media workers. Popul Health Metr. 2006;4:8. doi: 10.1186/1478-7954-4-8.
    1. Lorraine PJ, Hammock RL, Blanton JM. Predictors of self-rated health status among Texas residents. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005;2(4):A12.
    1. Rotter JB. Social learning and clinical psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1954.
    1. Wallston KA, Wallston BS, DeVellis R. Development of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) Scales. Health Educ Monogr. 1978;6(2):160–170.
    1. Rotter J. Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcements. Psychological Monographs. 1966;609(80):1–28.
    1. Layton C. Note on the stability of Rotter’s I-E Scale. Psychol Rep. 1985;57(3):1165–1166.
    1. Wolinsky FD, Vander Weg MW, Martin R, Unverzagt FW, Willis SL, Marsiske M, Rebok GW, Morris JN, Ball KK, Tennstedt SL. Does cognitive training improve internal locus of control among older adults? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2010;65(5):591–598.
    1. Bastani F, Hashemi S, Bastani N, Haghani H. Impact of preconception health education on health locus of control and self-efficacy in women. East Mediterr Health J. 2010;16(4):396–401.
    1. Gale CR, Batty GD, Deary IJ. Locus of control at age 10 years and health outcomes and behaviors at age 30 years: the 1970 British Cohort Study. Psychosom Med. 2008;70(4):397–403. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31816a719e.
    1. Ali SM, Lindstrom M. Socioeconomic, psychosocial, behavioural, and psychological determinants of BMI among young women: differing patterns for underweight and overweight/obesity. Eur J Public Health. 2006;16(3):325–331.
    1. Neylon A, Canniffe C, Anand S, Kreatsoulas C, Blake GJ, Sugrue D, McGorrian C. A global perspective on psychosocial risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;55(6):574–581. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2013.03.009.
    1. Henninger DE, Whitson HE, Cohen HJ, Ariely D. Higher medical morbidity burden is associated with external locus of control. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(4):751–755. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03904.x.
    1. Sturmer T, Hasselbach P, Amelang M. Personality, lifestyle, and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer: follow-up of population based cohort. BMJ. 2006;332(7554):1359. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38833.479560.80.
    1. Lundberg J, Bobak M, Malyutina S, Kristenson M, Pikhart H. Adverse health effects of low levels of perceived control in Swedish and Russian community samples. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:314. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-7-314.
    1. Ward MM. Sense of control and self-reported health in a population-based sample of older Americans: assessment of potential confounding by affect, personality, and social support. Int J Behav Med. 2013;20(1):140–147. doi: 10.1007/s12529-011-9218-x.
    1. Bosma H, Schrijvers C, Mackenbach JP. Socioeconomic inequalities in mortality and importance of perceived control: cohort study. BMJ. 1999;319(7223):1469–1470. doi: 10.1136/bmj.319.7223.1469.
    1. Mackenbach JP, Simon JG, Looman CW, Joung IM. Self-assessed health and mortality: could psychosocial factors explain the association? Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31(6):1162–1168. doi: 10.1093/ije/31.6.1162.
    1. Harkapaa K, Jarvikoski A, Mellin G, Hurri H, Luoma J. Health locus of control beliefs and psychological distress as predictors for treatment outcome in low-back pain patients: results of a 3-month follow-up of a controlled intervention study. Pain. 1991;46(1):35–41. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(91)90031-R.
    1. Morowatisharifabad MA, Mahmoodabad SS, Baghianimoghadam MH, Tonekaboni NR. Relationships between locus of control and adherence to diabetes regimen in a sample of Iranians. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2010;30(1):27–32. doi: 10.4103/0973-3930.60009.
    1. Omeje O, Nebo C. The influence of locus control on adherence to treatment regimen among hypertensive patients. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2011;5:141–148.
    1. Berglund E, Lytsy P, Westerling R. Adherence to and beliefs in lipid-lowering medical treatments: A structural equation modeling approach including the necessity-concern framework. Patient Educ Couns. 2013;91(1):105–112. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2012.11.001.
    1. Wallston KA. The Validity of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scales. J Health Psychol. 2005;10(5):623–631. doi: 10.1177/1359105305055304.
    1. Carlisle-Frank P. Examining personal control beliefs as a mediating variable in the health-damaging behavior of substance use: an alternative approach. J Psychol. 1991;125(4):381–397. doi: 10.1080/00223980.1991.10543300.
    1. Rowe JL, Montgomery GH, Duberstein PR, Bovbjerg DH. Health locus of control and perceived risk for breast cancer in healthy women. Behav Med. 2005;31(1):33–40. doi: 10.3200/BMED.31.1.33-42.
    1. Calnan M. Control over health and patterns of health-related behaviour. Soc Sci Med. 1989;29(2):131–136. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(89)90161-5.
    1. Bennett P, Norman P, Murphy S, Moore L, Tudor-Smith C. Beliefs about alcohol, health locus of control, value for health and reported consumption in a representative population sample. Health Educ Res. 1998;13(1):25–32. doi: 10.1093/her/13.1.25.
    1. Michaud CM, Murray CJ, Bloom BR. Burden of disease–implications for future research. JAMA : The J Am Medical Association. 2001;285(5):535–539. doi: 10.1001/jama.285.5.535.
    1. Remme WJ, Swedberg K. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2001;22(17):1527–1560. doi: 10.1053/euhj.2001.2783.
    1. Fowers BJ. Perceived control, illness status, stress, and adjustment to cardiac illness. J Psychol. 1994;128(5):567–576. doi: 10.1080/00223980.1994.9914914.
    1. Trento M, Passera P, Miselli V, Bajardi M, Borgo E, Tomelini M, Tomalino M, Cavallo F, Porta M. Evaluation of the locus of control in patients with type 2 diabetes after long-term management by group care. Diabetes Metab. 2006;32(1):77–81. doi: 10.1016/S1262-3636(07)70250-1.
    1. O’Hea EL, Moon S, Grothe KB, Boudreaux E, Bodenlos JS, Wallston K, Brantley PJ. The interaction of locus of control, self-efficacy, and outcome expectancy in relation to HbA1c in medically underserved individuals with type 2 diabetes. J Behav Med. 2009;32(1):106–117. doi: 10.1007/s10865-008-9188-x.
    1. Kuwahara A, Nishino Y, Ohkubo T, Tsuji I, Hisamichi S, Hosokawa T. Reliability and validity of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale in Japan: relationship with demographic factors and health-related behavior. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2004;203(1):37–45. doi: 10.1620/tjem.203.37.
    1. Lytsy P, Westerling R. Patient expectations on lipid-lowering drugs. Patient Educ Couns. 2007;67(1–2):143–150.
    1. Micciolo R, Canal L, Minniti A, Mazzali G, Fantin F, Corzato F, Antonioli A, Harris TB, Zamboni M. The association between excess weight and comorbidity and self-rated health in the Italian population. Ann Epidemiol. 2013;4:172–178.
    1. Lundberg O, Manderbacka K. Assessing reliability of a measure of self-rated health. Scand J Soc Med. 1996;24(3):218–224.
    1. Kock N. WarpPLS 2.0 User Manual. Laredo, Texas: ScriptWarp Systems; 2011.
    1. Tomarken AJ, Waller NG. Structural equation modeling: strengths, limitations, and misconceptions. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2005;1:31–65. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144239.
    1. Skrondal A, Rabe-Hesketh S. In: Statistical modelling. Biggeri A, Dreassi E, Lagazio C, Marchi M, editor. Firenze: Firenze University Press; 2004. Generalized linear latent and mixed models with composite links and exploded likelihoods; pp. 27–39.
    1. Wold H. In: Multivariate Analysis. Krishnaiah P, editor. New York: Academic Press; 1973. Nonlinear Iterative Partial Least Squares (NIPALS) modeling: some current developments; pp. 383–407.
    1. Wold H. In: Quantitative Sociology: International Perspectives on Mathematical and Statistical Model Building. Blalock H, Aganbegian A, Borodkin F, Budon R, Capecch V, editor. New York: Academic Press; 1975. Path models with latent variables: the NIPALS approach.
    1. Wold S, Ruhe A, Wold H, Dunn WJ. Collinearity problem in linear regression. The partial least squares (PLS) approach to generalized inverses. SIAM J Sci Comput Stat. 1984;5:735–743. doi: 10.1137/0905052.
    1. Gebauer J, Kline DM, He L. Password security risk versus effort: an exploratory study on user-perceived risk and the intention to use online applications. Journal of Information Systems Applied Research. 2011;4(2):52–62.
    1. Maikranz JM, Steele RG, Dreyer ML, Stratman AC, Bovaird JA. The relationship of hope and illness-related uncertainty to emotional adjustment and adherence among pediatric renal and liver transplant recipients. J Pediatr Psychol. 2007;32(5):571–581.
    1. Byrne MK, Deane FP. Enhancing patient adherence: outcomes of medication alliance training on therapeutic alliance, insight, adherence, and psychopathology with mental health patients. Int J of Mental Health Nnursing. 2011;20(4):284–295. doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0349.2010.00722.x.
    1. Chan DK, Fung YK, Xing S, Hagger MS. Myopia prevention, near work, and visual acuity of college students: integrating the theory of planned behavior and self-determination theory. J Behav Med. 2014;37(3):369–380. doi: 10.1007/s10865-013-9494-9.
    1. Helmer SM, Kramer A, Mikolajczyk RT. Health-related locus of control and health behaviour among university students in North Rhine Westphalia, Germany. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5:703. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-703.
    1. Grotz M, Hapke U, Lampert T, Baumeister H. Health locus of control and health behaviour: results from a nationally representative survey. Psychol Health Med. 2011;16(2):129–140. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2010.521570.
    1. Bailis DS, Segall A, Chipperfield JG. Age, relative autonomy and change in health locus of control beliefs: a longitudinal study of members of a health-promotion facility. J Health Psychol. 2010;15(3):326–338. doi: 10.1177/1359105309342296.
    1. Lachman ME. Locus of control in aging research: a case for multidimensional and domain-specific assessment. Psychol Aging. 1986;1(1):34–40.
    1. Sørlie T, Sexton HC. Predictors of change in health locus of control following surgical treatment. Personal Individ Differ. 2004;36(5):991–1004. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00167-3.

Source: PubMed

Спонсоры и соавторы

Заболевания

Медикаментозные вмешательства

Подписаться