Association of Human Interleukin-35 Level in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Serum in Periodontal Health, Disease, and after Nonsurgical Therapy: A Comparative Study

Subash Chandra Raj, Subhashree Manaswini Panda, Muktikesh Dash, Kaushik Patnaik, Devapratim Mohanty, Neelima Katti, Annuroopa Mahapatra, Debasish Mishra, Kamdev Praharaj, Subash Chandra Raj, Subhashree Manaswini Panda, Muktikesh Dash, Kaushik Patnaik, Devapratim Mohanty, Neelima Katti, Annuroopa Mahapatra, Debasish Mishra, Kamdev Praharaj

Abstract

Background: Innovating newer methods to diagnose a multifactorial disease such as periodontitis is always challenging for a clinician. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) which is closely associated with the periodontal tissue environment has been used a viable alternative to saliva for the diagnosis of periodontitis.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to estimate and compare the interleukin-35 (IL-35) levels in GCF and serum among healthy, gingivitis, and chronic periodontitis (CP) individuals as well as to evaluate the effect of nonsurgical periodontal treatment (NSPT) on IL-35 level among patients with CP.

Settings and design: The study was conducted at the Department of Periodontics, Srirama Chandra Bhanja Dental College and Hospital, Cuttack, Odisha, India. It is a comparative study.

Materials and methods: A total of 60 participants were divided into healthy (Group I; n = 20), gingivitis (Group II; n = 20), and CP (Group IIIA; n = 20). GCF samples collected from each individual at baseline and 6 weeks after NSPT for Group III individuals (Group IIIB; n = 20) were quantified for IL-35 levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Statistical analysis: All analyses were performed using Shapiro-Wilk test, analysis of variance, Tukey's honestly significant difference post hoc test, and multiple regression analysis.

Results: The mean IL-35 concentration in GCF was significantly high (P < 0.05) for Group IIIA (70.26 ± 4.0 pg/ml), as compared to Group I (54.81 ± 22.3 pg/ml) and Group IIIB (55.72 ± 10.2 pg/ml).

Conclusion: In the present study, GCF and serum IL-35 concentration among CP individuals was highest among all the groups. Individuals receiving NSPT showed a significant reduction in IL-35 levels as compared to CP individuals.

Keywords: Cytokines; gingival crevicular fluid; nonsurgical periodontal therapy; periodontitis.

Conflict of interest statement

There are no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow diagram following patient recruitment and follow-up

References

    1. Tonetti MS, Claffey N European Workshop in Periodontology Group C. Advances in the progression of periodontitis and proposal of definitions of a periodontitis case and disease progression for use in risk factor research. Group C consensus report of the 5th European Workshop in Periodontology. J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32(Suppl 6):210–3.
    1. Cekici A, Kantarci A, Hasturk H, Van Dyke TE. Inflammatory and immune pathways in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000. 2014;64:57–80.
    1. Seymour GJ. Importance of the host response in the periodontium. J Clin Periodontol. 1991;18:421–6.
    1. Ebersole JL, Kirakodu S, Novak MJ, Stromberg AJ, Shen S, Orraca L, et al. Cytokine gene expression profiles during initiation, progression and resolution of periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2014;41:853–61.
    1. Graves DT. The potential role of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines in periodontal disease progression. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:482–90.
    1. Taniguchi T. Cytokine signaling through nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases. Science. 1995;268:251–5.
    1. Ohyama H, Kato-Kogoe N, Kuhara A, Nishimura F, Nakasho K, Yamanegi K, et al. The involvement of IL-23 and the Th17 pathway in periodontitis. J Dent Res. 2009;88:633–8.
    1. Carter LL, Dutton RW. Type 1 and type 2: A fundamental dichotomy for all T-cell subsets. Curr Opin Immunol. 1996;8:336–42.
    1. Mosmann TR, Coffman RL. TH1 and TH2 cells: Different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu Rev Immunol. 1989;7:145–73.
    1. Jones L, Collison L, Vignali D. Interleukin-35 subunit dimerization and stability is unique among IL-12 cytokine family members (134.9) J Immunol. 2010;184(1 Suppl):134–9.
    1. Li X, Mai J, Virtue A, Yin Y, Gong R, Sha X, et al. IL-35 is a novel responsive anti-inflammatory cytokine – A new system of categorizing anti-inflammatory cytokines. PLoS One. 2012;7:e33628.
    1. Niedbala W, Wei XQ, Cai B, Hueber AJ, Leung BP, McInnes IB, et al. IL-35 is a novel cytokine with therapeutic effects against collagen-induced arthritis through the expansion of regulatory T cells and suppression of Th17 cells. Eur J Immunol. 2007;37:3021–9.
    1. Quirynen M, Mongardini C, de Soete M, Pauwels M, Coucke W, van Eldere J, et al. The rôle of chlorhexidine in the one-stage full-mouth disinfection treatment of patients with advanced adult periodontitis. Long-term clinical and microbiological observations. J Clin Periodontol. 2000;27:578–89.
    1. Pradeep AR, Daisy H, Hadge P. Serum levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in periodontal health and disease. Cytokine. 2009;47:77–81.
    1. Strimbu K, Tavel JA. What are biomarkers? Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2010;5:463–6.
    1. Taba M, Jr, Kinney J, Kim AS, Giannobile WV. Diagnostic biomarkers for oral and periodontal diseases. Dent Clin North Am. 2005;49:551–71. vi.
    1. Sawant DV, Hamilton K, Vignali DA. Interleukin-35: Expanding its job profile. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2015;35:499–512.
    1. Kalburgi NB, Muley A, Shivaprasad BM, Koregol AC. Expression profile of IL-35 mRNA in gingiva of chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis patients: A semiquantitative RT-PCR study. Dis Markers. 2013;35:819–23.
    1. Mitani A, Niedbala W, Fujimura T, Mogi M, Miyamae S, Higuchi N, et al. Increased expression of interleukin (IL)-35 and IL-17, but not IL-27, in gingival tissues with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2015;86:301–9.
    1. Köseoǧlu S, Saǧlam M, Pekbaǧrıyanık T, Savran L, Sütçü R. Level of interleukin-35 in gingival crevicular fluid, saliva, and plasma in periodontal disease and health. J Periodontol. 2015;86:964–71.
    1. Nakajima T, Ueki-Maruyama K, Oda T, Ohsawa Y, Ito H, Seymour GJ, et al. Regulatory T-cells infiltrate periodontal disease tissues. J Dent Res. 2005;84:639–43.
    1. Gu X, Tian T, Zhang B, Liu Y, Yuan C, Shao L, et al. Elevated plasma interleukin-35 levels predict poor prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol. 2015;36:2651–6.
    1. Wu H, Li P, Shao N, Ma J, Ji M, Sun X, et al. Aberrant expression of Treg-associated cytokine IL-35 along with IL-10 and TGF-β in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncol Lett. 2012;3:1119–23.

Source: PubMed

Спонсоры и соавторы

Заболевания

Медикаментозные вмешательства

Подписаться