Global, Regional, and National Prevalence, Incidence, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for Oral Conditions for 195 Countries, 1990-2015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors

N J Kassebaum, A G C Smith, E Bernabé, T D Fleming, A E Reynolds, T Vos, C J L Murray, W Marcenes, GBD 2015 Oral Health Collaborators, G Y Abyu, U Alsharif, H Asayesh, H Benzian, L Dandona, R Dandona, A Kasaeian, Y S Khader, Y H Khang, Y Kokubo, G A Kotsakis, R Lalloo, A Misganaw, P Montero, M Nourzadeh, C Pinho, M Qorbani, M J Rios Blancas, M Sawhney, C Steiner, J Traebert, S Tyrovolas, K N Ukwaja, S E Vollset, N Yonemoto, N J Kassebaum, A G C Smith, E Bernabé, T D Fleming, A E Reynolds, T Vos, C J L Murray, W Marcenes, GBD 2015 Oral Health Collaborators, G Y Abyu, U Alsharif, H Asayesh, H Benzian, L Dandona, R Dandona, A Kasaeian, Y S Khader, Y H Khang, Y Kokubo, G A Kotsakis, R Lalloo, A Misganaw, P Montero, M Nourzadeh, C Pinho, M Qorbani, M J Rios Blancas, M Sawhney, C Steiner, J Traebert, S Tyrovolas, K N Ukwaja, S E Vollset, N Yonemoto

Abstract

The Global Burden of Disease 2015 study aims to use all available data of sufficient quality to generate reliable and valid prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) estimates of oral conditions for the period of 1990 to 2015. Since death as a direct result of oral diseases is rare, DALY estimates were based on years lived with disability, which are estimated only on those persons with unmet need for dental care. We used our data to assess progress toward the Federation Dental International, World Health Organization, and International Association for Dental Research's oral health goals of reducing the level of oral diseases and minimizing their impact by 2020. Oral health has not improved in the last 25 y, and oral conditions remained a major public health challenge all over the world in 2015. Due to demographic changes, including population growth and aging, the cumulative burden of oral conditions dramatically increased between 1990 and 2015. The number of people with untreated oral conditions rose from 2.5 billion in 1990 to 3.5 billion in 2015, with a 64% increase in DALYs due to oral conditions throughout the world. Clearly, oral diseases are highly prevalent in the globe, posing a very serious public health challenge to policy makers. Greater efforts and potentially different approaches are needed if the oral health goal of reducing the level of oral diseases and minimizing their impact is to be achieved by 2020. Despite some challenges with current measurement methodologies for oral diseases, measurable specific oral health goals should be developed to advance global public health.

Keywords: caries; dental public health; epidemiology; global health; periodontal diseases; tooth loss.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Global age patterns of prevalence and incidence of untreated caries in deciduous teeth, untreated caries in permanent teeth, severe periodontitis, and total tooth loss in 2015 for both sexes combined.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
World map of age-standardized disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates (per 1,000 population) for all oral conditions combined in 2015, both sexes.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
World map of disability-adjusted life year (DALY) for all oral conditions combined in 2015, both sexes.

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