Agavins Increase Neurotrophic Factors and Decrease Oxidative Stress in the Brains of High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Elena Franco-Robles, Mercedes G López, Elena Franco-Robles, Mercedes G López

Abstract

Background: Fructans obtained from agave, called agavins, have recently shown significant benefits for human health including obesity. Therefore, we evaluated the potential of agavins as neuroprotectors and antioxidants by determining their effect on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) as well as oxidative brain damage in of obese mice.

Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and treated daily with 5% (HFD/A5) or 10% (HFD/A10) of agavins or a standard diet (SD) for 10 weeks. The levels of BDNF and GDNF were evaluated by ELISA. The oxidative stress was evaluated by lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and carbonyls. SCFAs were also measured with GC-FID. Differences between groups were assessed using ANOVA and by Tukey's test considering p < 0.05.

Results: The body weight gain and food intake of mice HFD/A10 group were significantly lower than those in the HFD group. Agavins restored BDNF levels in HFD/A5 group and GDNF levels of HFD/A5 and HFD/A10 groups in cerebellum. Interestingly, agavins decreased TBARS levels in HFD/A5 and HFD/A10 groups in the hippocampus, frontal cortex and cerebellum. Carbonyl levels were also lower in HFD/A5 and HFD/A10 for only the hippocampus and cerebellum. It was also found that agavins enhanced SCFAs production in feces.

Conclusion: Agavins may act as bioactive ingredients with antioxidant and protective roles in the brain.

Keywords: agavins; brain; high-fat diet; lipids; oxidative stress.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Body weights in mice fed with standard diet (SD, ⧫); high fat diet (HFD, ∎); high fat diet with agave fructans 5% (HFD/A5, ∆); high fat diet with agave fructans 10% (HFD/A10, ●). One-way ANOVA with repeated measures and Tukey contrasts were performed to compare differences among groups. The data are represented as the mean with their standard errors of the mean (SEM). N = 10. Mean values with unlike letters (a,b) were significantly different (p < 0.05).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Total fecal mice SCFAs levels at (A) 2 weeks, (B) 4 weeks, (C) 8 weeks and (D) 10 weeks. SD, standard diet; HFD, high-fat diet; HFD/A5, high-fat diet supplemented with 5% agavins; HFD/A10, high-fat diet supplemented with 10% agavins. One-way ANOVA and Tukey contrasts were performed to establish differences among groups. The data are represented as the mean with their standard errors of the mean (SEM). N = 10. Mean values with unlike letters (a,b,c) were significantly different (p < 0.05).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effects of fructans on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the hippocampus, frontal cortex and cerebellum of mice fed with standard diet (SD); high-fat diet (HFD); high-fat diet with agave fructans 5% (HFD/A5); high-fat diet with agave fructans 10% (HFD/A10). One-way ANOVA and Tukey contrasts were performed to compare differences among groups. The data are represented as the mean with their standard errors of the mean (SEM). N = 10. Mean values with unlike letters (a,b) were significantly different (p < 0.05).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effects of fructans on glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels in the hippocampus, frontal cortex and cerebellum of mice fed with standard diet (SD); high-fat diet (HFD); high-fat diet with agave fructans 5% (HFD/A5); high-fat diet with agave fructans 10% (HFD/A10). One-way ANOVA and Tukey contrasts were performed to compare differences among groups. The data are represented as the mean with their standard errors of the mean (SEM). N = 10. Mean values with unlike letters (a,b) were significantly different (p < 0.05).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Effects of fructans on TBARS levels in the hippocampus, frontal cortex and cerebellum of mice fed with standard diet (SD); high-fat diet (HFD); high-fat diet with agave fructans 5% (HFD/A5); high-fat diet with agave fructans 10% (HFD/A10). One-way ANOVA and Tukey contrasts were performed to compare differences among groups. The data are represented as the mean with their standard errors of the mean (SEM). N = 10. Mean values with unlike letters (a,b) were significantly different (p < 0.05).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Effects of fructans on protein carbonyls levels in the hippocampus, frontal cortex and cerebellum of mice fed with standard diet (SD); high-fat diet (HFD); high-fat diet with agave fructans 5% (HFD/A5); high-fat diet with agave fructans 10% (HFD/A10). One-way ANOVA and Tukey contrasts were performed to compare differences among groups. The data are represented as the mean with their standard errors of the mean (SEM). N = 10. Mean values with unlike letters (a,b) were significantly different (p < 0.05).

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