Examining the Usage, User Experience, and Perceived Impact of an Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Program for Adolescents With Anxiety: Randomized Controlled Trial

Ashley D Radomski, Alexa Bagnell, Sarah Curtis, Lisa Hartling, Amanda S Newton, Ashley D Radomski, Alexa Bagnell, Sarah Curtis, Lisa Hartling, Amanda S Newton

Abstract

Background: Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) increases treatment access for adolescents with anxiety; however, completion rates of iCBT programs are typically low. Understanding adolescents' experiences with iCBT, what program features and changes in anxiety (minimal clinically important difference [MCID]) are important to them, may help explain and improve iCBT program use and impact.

Objective: Within a randomized controlled trial comparing a six-session iCBT program for adolescent anxiety, Being Real, Easing Anxiety: Tools Helping Electronically (Breathe), with anxiety-based resource webpages, we aimed to (1) describe intervention use among adolescents allocated to Breathe or webpages and those who completed postintervention assessments (Breathe or webpage respondents); (2) describe and compare user experiences between groups; and (3) calculate an MCID for anxiety and explore relationships between iCBT use, experiences, and treatment response among Breathe respondents.

Methods: Enrolled adolescents with self-reported anxiety, aged 13 to 19 years, were randomly allocated to Breathe or webpages. Self-reported demographics and anxiety symptoms (Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children-2nd edition [MASC-2]) were collected preintervention. Automatically-captured Breathe or webpage use and self-reported symptoms and experiences (User Experience Questionnaire for Internet-based Interventions) were collected postintervention. Breathe respondents also reported their perceived change in anxiety (Global Rating of Change Scale [GRCS]) following program use. Descriptive statistics summarized usage and experience outcomes, and independent samples t tests and correlations examined relationships between them. The MCID was calculated using the mean MASC-2 change score among Breathe respondents reporting somewhat better anxiety on the GRCS.

Results: Adolescents were mostly female (382/536, 71.3%), aged 16.6 years (SD 1.7), with very elevated anxiety (mean 92.2, SD 18.1). Intervention use was low for adolescents allocated to Breathe (mean 2.2 sessions, SD 2.3; n=258) or webpages (mean 2.1 visits, SD 2.7; n=278), but was higher for Breathe (median 6.0, range 1-6; 81/258) and webpage respondents (median 2.0, range 1-9; 148/278). Total user experience was significantly more positive for Breathe than webpage respondents (P<.001). Breathe respondents reported program design and delivery factors that may have challenged (eg, time constraints and program support) or facilitated (eg, demonstration videos, self-management activities) program use. The MCID was a mean MASC-2 change score of 13.8 (SD 18.1). Using the MCID, a positive treatment response was generated for 43% (35/81) of Breathe respondents. Treatment response was not correlated with respondents' experiences or use of Breathe (P=.32 to P=.88).

Conclusions: Respondents reported positive experiences and changes in their anxiety with Breathe; however, their reports were not correlated with program use. Breathe respondents identified program design and delivery factors that help explain their experiences and use of iCBT and inform program improvements. Future studies can apply our measures to compare user experiences between internet-based interventions, interpret treatment outcomes and improve treatment decision making for adolescents with anxiety.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02970734 https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT02970734.

Keywords: adolescents; anxiety; clinical effectiveness; cognitive behavioral therapy; computer-assisted therapy; internet; minimal clinically important difference; satisfaction; treatment adherence.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: None declared.

©Ashley D Radomski, Alexa Bagnell, Sarah Curtis, Lisa Hartling, Amanda S Newton. Originally published in JMIR Mental Health (http://mental.jmir.org), 07.02.2020.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A screenshot of the Check-in activity within the Breathe program.
Figure 2
Figure 2
A screenshot of the Discover section within the Breathe program.
Figure 3
Figure 3
A screenshot of the Check-out activity within the Breathe program.
Figure 4
Figure 4
A screenshot of the Try Out activity within the Breathe program.
Figure 5
Figure 5
A collage of screenshots from the resource-based webpages.

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