Early Standard Electroencephalogram Abnormalities Predict Mortality in Septic Intensive Care Unit Patients

Abstract

Introduction: Sepsis is associated with increased mortality, delirium and long-term cognitive impairment in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities occurring at the acute stage of sepsis may correlate with severity of brain dysfunction. Predictive value of early standard EEG abnormalities for mortality in ICU septic patients remains to be assessed.

Methods: In this prospective, single center, observational study, standard EEG was performed, analyzed and classified according to both Synek and Young EEG scales, in consecutive patients acutely admitted in ICU for sepsis. Delirium, coma and the level of sedation were assessed at the time of EEG recording; and duration of sedation, occurrence of in-ICU delirium or death were assessed during follow-up. Adjusted analyses were carried out using multiple logistic regression.

Results: One hundred ten patients were included, mean age 63.8 (±18.1) years, median SAPS-II score 38 (29-55). At the time of EEG recording, 46 patients (42%) were sedated and 22 (20%) suffered from delirium. Overall, 54 patients (49%) developed delirium, of which 32 (29%) in the days after EEG recording. 23 (21%) patients died in the ICU. Absence of EEG reactivity was observed in 27 patients (25%), periodic discharges (PDs) in 21 (19%) and electrographic seizures (ESZ) in 17 (15%). ICU mortality was independently associated with a delta-predominant background (OR: 3.36; 95% CI [1.08 to 10.4]), absence of EEG reactivity (OR: 4.44; 95% CI [1.37-14.3], PDs (OR: 3.24; 95% CI [1.03 to 10.2]), Synek grade ≥ 3 (OR: 5.35; 95% CI [1.66-17.2]) and Young grade > 1 (OR: 3.44; 95% CI [1.09-10.8]) after adjustment to Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS-II) at admission and level of sedation. Delirium at the time of EEG was associated with ESZ in non-sedated patients (32% vs 10%, p = 0.037); with Synek grade ≥ 3 (36% vs 7%, p< 0.05) and Young grade > 1 (36% vs 17%, p< 0.001). Occurrence of delirium in the days after EEG was associated with a delta-predominant background (48% vs 15%, p = 0.001); absence of reactivity (39% vs 10%, p = 0.003), Synek grade ≥ 3 (42% vs 17%, p = 0.001) and Young grade >1 (58% vs 17%, p = 0.0001).

Conclusions: In this prospective cohort of 110 septic ICU patients, early standard EEG was significantly disturbed. Absence of EEG reactivity, a delta-predominant background, PDs, Synek grade ≥ 3 and Young grade > 1 at day 1 to 3 following admission were independent predictors of ICU mortality and were associated with occurence of delirium. ESZ and PDs, found in about 20% of our patients. Their prevalence could have been higher, with a still higher predictive value, if they had been diagnosed more thoroughly using continuous EEG.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1. Flow chart of the recruited population.

*: Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome.

Fig 2. Representative example of a reactive EEG following auditory stimulation (claps) in a septic ICU patient.

See the diffuse and synchronic slowing of the EEG background activity, that appeared immediately after the auditory stimulation (claps). Recording: 20 mm/sec, sensitivity: 10 μV/mm; filter settings: 0.500 Hz -70Hz.

Fig 3. Representative example of a non-reactive EEG following painful stimuli (pinching) in a septic ICU patient.

No EEG background activity change was observed after the painful stimulation (pinching) Recording: 20 mm/sec, sensitivity: 10 μV/mm; filter settings: 0.500 Hz -70Hz.

Fig 4. Representative example of EEG showing the onset of an electrographic seizure (ESZ) in a septic ICU patient.

See the onset of this spontaneous and sustained discharge of spikes and waves with changes in frequency and morphology. Recording: 20 mm/sec, sensitivity: 10 μV/mm; filter settings: 0.500 Hz -70Hz.

Fig 5. Representative example of EEG showing periodic discharges (PDs) in a septic ICU patient.

See these spontaneous generalized repetitive discharges of spikes and bursts of sharp waves at nearly regular intervals and without evolution in location and morphology. Recording: 20 mm/sec, sensitivity: 10 μV/mm; filter settings: 0.500 Hz -70Hz.

Fig 6. Scatter plots of Synek and Young EEG scales in the Delirium versus No-Delirium groups.

Fig 7. Prevalence of non-reactive EEG among different sub-groups of the studied septic ICU patients.