Evaluation of the For Our Children's Sake intervention, parental support in prison to influence positive parenting: study protocol for a controlled trial

Asa Norman, Pia Enebrink, Asa Norman, Pia Enebrink

Abstract

Introduction: Children of incarcerated parents comprise a greatly disadvantaged group in society and positive parenting constitutes an important factor for children's healthy development. Internationally developed parenting interventions for incarcerated parents suggest an impact on parenting outcomes, but no such evaluation has been undertaken in Sweden.This study aims to investigate the effects of the parenting programme currently offered in prisons in Sweden, For Our Children's Sake (FOCS), through a controlled trial with a parallel implementation process evaluation.

Methods and analysis: The effectiveness trial is carried out as a non-blinded controlled trial with a parallel investigation of the implementation process using mixed methods. Participants comprise incarcerated parents (men and women) in Swedish prisons with a target sample size of 76 parents. Eligible parents have a child aged 0 to 18 years, no prohibition to contact or committed a crime against the child, or a violent crime against the other parent. The FOCS intervention is carried out in group format over 10 weeks. The primary outcome is closeness in parent-child relationship measured with the Child Parent Relationship Scale. Secondary outcomes comprise parent-child contact, parental criminal attitude and interest in other treatment programmes. Mediators comprise attitude to parenting, and self-efficacy. Outcome data are self-reported and collected over four time points: baseline (September to December 2019), mid and after intervention, and at 3 months follow-up. Implementation data is collected during and after intervention. Intervention fidelity is monitored through audio recordings, dose is registered per participant, reach comprise included versus eligible number of parents and acceptability is investigated through semi-structured interviews. Factors influencing implementation will be investigated using a questionnaire.

Ethics and dissemination: Ethical permission has been obtained by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority 2019-04227. Findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals, presented at scientific conferences and presented to participants in writing.

Trial registration number: NCT04101799; Pre-results.

Keywords: adult psychiatry; child protection; community child health; forensic psychiatry; preventive medicine; social medicine.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None declared.

© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

References

    1. Turanovic JJ, Rodriguez N. Mental health service needs in the prison boom: the case of children of incarcerated mothers. Crim Justice Policy Rev 2017;28:415–36. 10.1177/0887403415591269
    1. Murray J, Bijleveld CCJH, Farrington DP, et al. . Effects of parental incarceration on children: cross-national comparative studies. Washington: American Psychological Association, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, 2014.
    1. Murray J, Farrington DP, Sekol I, et al. . Effects of parental imprisonment on child antisocial behaviour and mental health: a systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews 2009;5:1–105. 10.4073/csr.2009.4
    1. Murray J, Farrington DP, Sekol I. Children's antisocial behavior, mental health, drug use, and educational performance after parental incarceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 2012;138:175–210. 10.1037/a0026407
    1. Hjalmarsson R, Lindquist M, Godfather L. Like son: exploring the intergenerational nature of crime. J Hum Resour 2012;47.
    1. Dobbie W, Grönqvist H, Niknami S, et al. . The intergenerational effects of parental incarceration. National Bureau of economic research working paper series, 2018.
    1. Berman AH, Koivumaa N. Barn Med frihetsberövade föräldrar. Resultat från EU-studien COPING1 Med fokus på Sverige. Kriminalvården, Norrköping, 2013.
    1. Purvis M. Paternal incarceration and parenting programs in prison: a review paper. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 2013;20:9–28. 10.1080/13218719.2011.615822
    1. Houck KDF, Loper AB. The relationship of parenting stress to adjustment among mothers in prison. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2002;72:548–58. 10.1037/0002-9432.72.4.548
    1. Piquero AR, Jennings WG, Diamond B, et al. . A meta-analysis update on the effects of early family/parent training programs on antisocial behavior and delinquency. J Exp Criminol 2016;12:229–48. 10.1007/s11292-016-9256-0
    1. Welsh BC, Farrington DP. Save children from a life of crime. Criminol Public Policy 2007;6:871–9. 10.1111/j.1745-9133.2007.00465.x
    1. Tremblay MD, Sutherland JE. The effectiveness of parenting programs for incarcerated mothers: a systematic review. J Child Fam Stud 2017;26:3247–65. 10.1007/s10826-017-0900-8
    1. Nilsen W, Johansen S, Blaasvaer N, et al. . NIPH systematic reviews: executive summaries. Effect of interventions targeting incarcerated parents and their children. Oslo, Norway: Knowledge Centre for the Health Services at The Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), 2015.
    1. Armstrong E, Eggins E, Reid N, et al. . Parenting interventions for incarcerated parents to improve parenting knowledge and skills, parent well-being, and quality of the parent–child relationship: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Exp Criminol 2018;14:279–317. 10.1007/s11292-017-9290-6
    1. Eddy JM, Martinez CR, Burraston B. Vi. A randomized controlled trial of a parent management training program for incarcerated parents: proximal impacts. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 2013;78:75–93. 10.1111/mono.12022
    1. Burraston BO, Eddy JM. The Moderating effect of living with a child before incarceration on Postrelease outcomes related to a Prison-Based parent management training program. Smith Coll Stud Soc Work 2017;87:94–111. 10.1080/00377317.2017.1248634
    1. Chan A-W, Tetzlaff JM, Gøtzsche PC, et al. . Spirit 2013 explanation and elaboration: guidance for protocols of clinical trials. BMJ 2013;346:e7586. 10.1136/bmj.e7586
    1. Hoffmann TC, Glasziou PP, Boutron I, et al. . Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. BMJ 2014;348:g1687. 10.1136/bmj.g1687
    1. United Nations Convention on the rights of the child, 1989: 3.
    1. Driscoll K, Pianta RC. Mothers’ and fathers’ perceptions of conflict and closeness in parent-child relationships during early childhood. J Early Child Infant Psychol 2011;7:1–24.
    1. Bowlby J. Attachment and loss. London: Hogarth, 1970.
    1. Bäckström M, Björklund F. The Measures of Criminal Attitudes and Associates (MCAA):Further Testing of Structural and Criterion-Related Validity. Crim Justice Behav 2008;35:1398–410.
    1. Bavolek SJ, Keene RG. Adult-Adolescent parenting inventory AAPI-2: administration and development Handbook. Park City, UT: Family Development Resources, Inc, 2001.
    1. Lawson MA, Alameda-Lawson T, Byrnes E. Analyzing the validity of the Adult-Adolescent parenting inventory for low-income populations. Res Soc Work Pract 2017;27:441–55. 10.1177/1049731514567154
    1. Conners NA, Whiteside-Mansell L, Deere D, et al. . Measuring the potential for child maltreatment: the reliability and validity of the Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory--2. Child Abuse Negl 2006;30:39–53. 10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.08.011
    1. Bandura A. Self-Efficacy: the exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman, 1997.
    1. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, et al. . Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods 2009;41:1149–60. 10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
    1. Trentacosta CJ, Criss MM, Shaw DS, et al. . Antecedents and outcomes of joint trajectories of mother-son conflict and warmth during middle childhood and adolescence. Child Dev 2011;82:1676–90. 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01626.x
    1. Ulutas A, Kanak M. An analysis of the mother and child education program’s effects on the relationship between mothers and their five- or six-year-old children. JEL 2016;5:234–44. 10.5539/jel.v5n4p234
    1. Scudder AT, McNeil CB, Chengappa K, et al. . Evaluation of an existing parenting class within a women's state correctional facility and a parenting class modeled from Parent–Child interaction therapy. Child Youth Serv Rev 2014;46:238–47. 10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.08.015
    1. Moore A, Clement MJ. Effects of parenting training for incarcerated mothers. J Offender Rehabil 1998;27:57–72. 10.1300/J076v27n01_05
    1. Fritz MS, Mackinnon DP. Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychol Sci 2007;18:233–9. 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x
    1. Moore GF, Audrey S, Barker M, et al. . Process evaluation of complex interventions: medical Research Council guidance. BMJ 2015;350:h1258. 10.1136/bmj.h1258
    1. Green CA, Duan N, Gibbons RD, et al. . Approaches to mixed methods dissemination and implementation research: methods, strengths, caveats, and opportunities. Adm Policy Ment Health 2015;42:508–23. 10.1007/s10488-014-0552-6
    1. Damschroder LJ, Aron DC, Keith RE, et al. . Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: a consolidated framework for advancing implementation science. Implement Sci 2009;4:50. 10.1186/1748-5908-4-50
    1. Kegler MC, Liang S, Weiner BJ, et al. . Measuring constructs of the consolidated framework for implementation research in the context of increasing colorectal cancer screening in federally qualified health center. Health Serv Res 2018;53:4178–203. 10.1111/1475-6773.13035
    1. Fernandez ME, Walker TJ, Weiner BJ, et al. . Developing measures to assess constructs from the inner setting domain of the consolidated framework for implementation research. Implement Sci 2018;13:52. 10.1186/s13012-018-0736-7
    1. Forgatch MS, Patterson GR, DeGarmo DS. Evaluating fidelity: predictive validity for a measure of competent adherence to the Oregon model of parent management training. Behav Ther 2005;36:3–13. 10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80049-8
    1. R, Core, Team A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2019.
    1. Krippendorff K. Content analysis, an introduction to its methodology. 3rd edn Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc, 2013.
    1. Jones AD, Wainaina-Woźna AE. Children of prisoners interventions and mitigations to strengthen mental health. University of Huddersfield, 2012.
    1. Newman BM, Newman PR. Development through life : a psychosocial approach. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning, 2015.
    1. Loeber R, Farrington DP. Young children who commit crime: epidemiology, developmental origins, risk factors, early interventions, and policy implications. Dev Psychopathol 2000;12:737–62. 10.1017/S0954579400004107
    1. Antonovsky A. Health, stress, and coping. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1979.
    1. Helminen ML, Rautiainen M. Föräldraskapet SOM rollkarta: en handbok: Finlands kommunförbund, 2000.

Source: PubMed

Спонсоры и соавторы

Заболевания

Медикаментозные вмешательства

Подписаться