Beneficial Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Metabolic Diseases: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis

Shinje Moon, Jiseung Kang, Sang Hyun Kim, Hye Soo Chung, Yoon Jung Kim, Jae Myung Yu, Sung Tae Cho, Chang-Myung Oh, Tae Kim, Shinje Moon, Jiseung Kang, Sang Hyun Kim, Hye Soo Chung, Yoon Jung Kim, Jae Myung Yu, Sung Tae Cho, Chang-Myung Oh, Tae Kim

Abstract

Various behavioral and physiological pathways follow a pre-determined, 24 hour cycle known as the circadian rhythm. Metabolic homeostasis is regulated by the circadian rhythm. Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a type of intermittent fasting based on the circadian rhythm. In this study, we aim to analyze systemically the effects of TRE on body weight, body composition, and other metabolic parameters. We reviewed articles from PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library to identify clinical trials that compared TRE to a regular diet. We included 19 studies for meta-analysis. Participants following TRE showed significantly reduced body weight (mean difference (MD), -0.90; 95% confidence interval (CI): -1.71 to -0.10) and fat mass (MD: -1.58, 95% CI: -2.64 to -0.51), while preserving fat-free mass (MD, -0.24; 95% CI: -1.15 to 0.67). TRE also showed beneficial effects on cardiometabolic parameters such as blood pressure (systolic BP, MD, -3.07; 95% CI: -5.76 to -0.37), fasting glucose concentration (MD, -2.96; 95% CI, -5.60 to -0.33), and cholesterol profiles (triglycerides, MD: -11.60, 95% CI: -23.30 to -0.27). In conclusion, TRE is a promising therapeutic strategy for controlling weight and improving metabolic dysfunctions in those who are overweight or obese. Further large-scale clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings and the usefulness of TRE.

Keywords: circadian rhythm; meta-analysis; metabolic syndrome; obesity; time-restricted eating.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schema of the search strategy.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Risk-of-bias assessment in the studies included in the meta-analsysis. (A): RCT, (B): non-randomized studies.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Forest plots summarizing the effect of TRE on body weight compared to baseline.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Forest plots summarizing the effect of TRE on body composition compared to baseline; (A): fat percent in body, (B): total fat mass, (C): fat-free mass.

References

    1. O’Neill J.S., Feeney K.A. Circadian redox and metabolic oscillations in mammalian systems. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2014;20:2966–2981. doi: 10.1089/ars.2013.5582.
    1. O’Neill J.S., Reddy A.B. The essential role of cAMP/Ca2+ signalling in mammalian circadian timekeeping. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2012;40:44–50. doi: 10.1042/BST20110691.
    1. Zhang J., Dong X., Fujimoto Y., Okamura H. Molecular signals of Mammalian circadian clock. Kobe J. Med. Sci. 2004;50:101–109.
    1. Gatfield D., Schibler U. Circadian glucose homeostasis requires compensatory interference between brain and liver clocks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2008;105:14753–14754. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0807861105.
    1. Lamia K.A., Storch K.F., Weitz C.J. Physiological significance of a peripheral tissue circadian clock. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2008;105:15172–15177. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0806717105.
    1. Kornmann B., Schaad O., Bujard H., Takahashi J.S., Schibler U. System-driven and oscillator-dependent circadian transcription in mice with a conditionally active liver clock. PLoS Biol. 2007;5:e34. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050034.
    1. Rudic R.D., McNamara P., Curtis A.M., Boston R.C., Panda S., Hogenesch J.B., Fitzgerald G.A. BMAL1 and CLOCK, two essential components of the circadian clock, are involved in glucose homeostasis. PLoS Biol. 2004;2:e377. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020377.
    1. Shostak A., Meyer-Kovac J., Oster H. Circadian regulation of lipid mobilization in white adipose tissues. Diabetes. 2013;62:2195–2203. doi: 10.2337/db12-1449.
    1. Turek F.W., Joshu C., Kohsaka A., Lin E., Ivanova G., McDearmon E., Laposky A., Losee-Olson S., Easton A., Jensen D.R., et al. Obesity and metabolic syndrome in circadian Clock mutant mice. Science. 2005;308:1043–1045. doi: 10.1126/science.1108750.
    1. Chauhan R., Chen K.F., Kent B.A., Crowther D.C. Central and peripheral circadian clocks and their role in Alzheimer’s disease. Dis. Model Mech. 2017;10:1187–1199. doi: 10.1242/dmm.030627.
    1. Dibner C., Schibler U., Albrecht U. The mammalian circadian timing system: Organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2010;72:517–549. doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135821.
    1. la Fleur S.E., Kalsbeek A., Wortel J., Buijs R.M. Polysynaptic neural pathways between the hypothalamus, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the liver. Brain Res. 2000;871:50–56. doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02423-9.
    1. Shibata S. Neural regulation of the hepatic circadian rhythm. Anat. Rec. A Discov. Mol. Cell. Evol. Biol. 2004;280:901–909. doi: 10.1002/ar.a.20095.
    1. Buijs R.M., Chun S.J., Niijima A., Romijn H.J., Nagai K. Parasympathetic and sympathetic control of the pancreas: A role for the suprachiasmatic nucleus and other hypothalamic centers that are involved in the regulation of food intake. J. Comp. Neurol. 2001;431:405–423. doi: 10.1002/1096-9861(20010319)431:4<405::AID-CNE1079>;2-D.
    1. Unger J., McNeill T.H., Moxley R.T., 3rd, White M., Moss A., Livingston J.N. Distribution of insulin receptor-like immunoreactivity in the rat forebrain. Neuroscience. 1989;31:143–157. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(89)90036-5.
    1. Zigman J.M., Jones J.E., Lee C.E., Saper C.B., Elmquist J.K. Expression of ghrelin receptor mRNA in the rat and the mouse brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 2006;494:528–548. doi: 10.1002/cne.20823.
    1. Hakansson M.L., Brown H., Ghilardi N., Skoda R.C., Meister B. Leptin receptor immunoreactivity in chemically defined target neurons of the hypothalamus. J. Neurosci. 1998;18:559–572. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-01-00559.1998.
    1. Morris C.J., Yang J.N., Garcia J.I., Myers S., Bozzi I., Wang W., Buxton O.M., Shea S.A., Scheer F.A. Endogenous circadian system and circadian misalignment impact glucose tolerance via separate mechanisms in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2015;112:E2225–E2234. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1418955112.
    1. Marcheva B., Ramsey K.M., Buhr E.D., Kobayashi Y., Su H., Ko C.H., Ivanova G., Omura C., Mo S., Vitaterna M.H., et al. Disruption of the clock components CLOCK and BMAL1 leads to hypoinsulinaemia and diabetes. Nature. 2010;466:627–631. doi: 10.1038/nature09253.
    1. Qian L., Zhang Z., Shen J., Liu Y. Primary bone marrow B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma successfully treated with R-CHOP. West Indian Med. J. 2013;62:89–91.
    1. Buxton O.M., Cain S.W., O’Connor S.P., Porter J.H., Duffy J.F., Wang W., Czeisler C.A., Shea S.A. Adverse metabolic consequences in humans of prolonged sleep restriction combined with circadian disruption. Sci. Transl. Med. 2012;4:129ra143. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003200.
    1. Gale J.E., Cox H.I., Qian J., Block G.D., Colwell C.S., Matveyenko A.V. Disruption of circadian rhythms accelerates development of diabetes through pancreatic beta-cell loss and dysfunction. J. Biol. Rhythm. 2011;26:423–433. doi: 10.1177/0748730411416341.
    1. Wilkinson M.J., Manoogian E.N., Zadourian A., Lo H., Fakhouri S., Shoghi A., Wang X., Fleischer J.G., Navlakha S., Panda S. Ten-hour time-restricted eating reduces weight, blood pressure, and atherogenic lipids in patients with metabolic syndrome. Cell Metab. 2020;31:92–104. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.11.004.
    1. Haidich A.-B. Meta-analysis in medical research. Hippokratia. 2010;14:29.
    1. Sterne J.A., Hernán M.A., Reeves B.C., Savović J., Berkman N.D., Viswanathan M., Henry D., Altman D.G., Ansari M.T., Boutron I. ROBINS-I: A tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355:i4919. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i4919.
    1. Parr E.B., Devlin B.L., Radford B.E., Hawley J.A. A Delayed Morning and Earlier Evening Time-Restricted Feeding Protocol for Improving Glycemic Control and Dietary Adherence in Men with Overweight/Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2020;12:505. doi: 10.3390/nu12020505.
    1. Ravussin E., Beyl R.A., Poggiogalle E., Hsia D.S., Peterson C.M. Early Time-Restricted Feeding Reduces Appetite and Increases Fat Oxidation But Does Not Affect Energy Expenditure in Humans. Obesity. 2019;27:1244–1254. doi: 10.1002/oby.22518.
    1. Zeb F., Wu X., Chen L., Fatima S., Haq I.-u., Chen A., Majeed F., Feng Q., Li M. Effect of Time Restricted Feeding on Metabolic Risk and Circadian Rhythm Associated with Gut Microbiome in Healthy Males. Br. J. Nutr. 2020;123:1216–1226. doi: 10.1017/S0007114519003428.
    1. McAllister M.J., Pigg B.L., Renteria L.I., Waldman H.S. Time-restricted feeding improves markers of cardiometabolic health in physically active college-age men: A 4-week randomized pre-post pilot study. Nutr. Res. 2020;75:32–43. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.12.001.
    1. Martens C.R., Rossman M.J., Mazzo M.R., Jankowski L.R., Nagy E.E., Denman B.A., Richey J.J., Johnson S.A., Ziemba B.P., Wang Y. Short-term time-restricted feeding is safe and feasible in non-obese healthy midlife and older adults. GeroScience. 2020:1–20. doi: 10.1007/s11357-020-00156-6.
    1. Tinsley G.M., Moore M.L., Graybeal A.J., Paoli A., Kim Y., Gonzales J.U., Harry J.R., VanDusseldorp T.A., Kennedy D.N., Cruz M.R. Time-restricted feeding plus resistance training in active females: A randomized trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2019;110:628–640. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz126.
    1. Kesztyüs D., Cermak P., Gulich M., Kesztyüs T. Adherence to Time-Restricted Feeding and Impact on Abdominal Obesity in Primary Care Patients: Results of a Pilot Study in a Pre–Post Design. Nutrients. 2019;11:2854. doi: 10.3390/nu11122854.
    1. Cai H., Qin Y.-L., Shi Z.-Y., Chen J.-H., Zeng M.-J., Zhou W., Chen R.-Q., Chen Z.-Y. Effects of alternate-day fasting on body weight and dyslipidaemia in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomised controlled trial. BMC Gastroenterol. 2019;19:219. doi: 10.1186/s12876-019-1132-8.
    1. Anton S.D., Lee S.A., Donahoo W.T., McLaren C., Manini T., Leeuwenburgh C., Pahor M. The effects of time restricted feeding on overweight, older adults: A pilot study. Nutrients. 2019;11:1500. doi: 10.3390/nu11071500.
    1. Hutchison A.T., Regmi P., Manoogian E.N., Fleischer J.G., Wittert G.A., Panda S., Heilbronn L.K. Time-restricted feeding improves glucose tolerance in men at risk for type 2 diabetes: A randomized crossover trial. Obesity. 2019;27:724–732. doi: 10.1002/oby.22449.
    1. Jamshed H., Beyl R.A., Della Manna D.L., Yang E.S., Ravussin E., Peterson C.M. Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves 24-Hour Glucose Levels and Affects Markers of the Circadian Clock, Aging, and Autophagy in Humans. Nutrients. 2019;11:1234. doi: 10.3390/nu11061234.
    1. Gabel K., Hoddy K.K., Haggerty N., Song J., Kroeger C.M., Trepanowski J.F., Panda S., Varady K.A. Effects of 8-hour time restricted feeding on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors in obese adults: A pilot study. Nutr. Healthy Aging. 2018;4:345–353. doi: 10.3233/NHA-170036.
    1. Gasmi M., Sellami M., Denham J., Padulo J., Kuvacic G., Selmi W., Khalifa R. Time-restricted feeding influences immune responses without compromising muscle performance in older men. Nutrition. 2018;51:29–37. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.12.014.
    1. Tinsley G.M., Forsse J.S., Butler N.K., Paoli A., Bane A.A., La Bounty P.M., Morgan G.B., Grandjean P.W. Time-restricted feeding in young men performing resistance training: A randomized controlled trial. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2017;17:200–207. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1223173.
    1. Stote K.S., Baer D.J., Spears K., Paul D.R., Harris G.K., Rumpler W.V., Strycula P., Najjar S.S., Ferrucci L., Ingram D.K. A controlled trial of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction in healthy, normal-weight, middle-aged adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007;85:981–988. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/85.4.981.
    1. Moro T., Tinsley G., Bianco A., Marcolin G., Pacelli Q.F., Battaglia G., Palma A., Gentil P., Neri M., Paoli A. Effects of eight weeks of time-restricted feeding (16/8) on basal metabolism, maximal strength, body composition, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk factors in resistance-trained males. J. Transl. Med. 2016;14:290. doi: 10.1186/s12967-016-1044-0.
    1. Smith S.T., LeSarge J.C., Lemon P.W. Time-Restricted Eating In Women-A Pilot Study. West. Undergrad. Res. J. Health Nat. Sci. 2017;8 doi: 10.5206/wurjhns.2017-18.3.
    1. Singh R., Cornelissen G., Mojto V., Fatima G., Wichansawakun S., Singh M., Kartikey K., Sharma J., Torshin V., Chibisov S. Effects of circadian restricted feeding on parameters of metabolic syndrome among healthy subjects. Chronobiol. Int. 2019:1–8. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1701817.
    1. Antoni R., Robertson T.M., Robertson M.D., Johnston J.D. A pilot feasibility study exploring the effects of a moderate time-restricted feeding intervention on energy intake, adiposity and metabolic physiology in free-living human subjects. J. Nutr. Sci. 2018;7 doi: 10.1017/jns.2018.13.
    1. Sutton E.F., Beyl R., Early K.S., Cefalu W.T., Ravussin E., Peterson C.M. Early time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress even without weight loss in men with prediabetes. Cell Metab. 2018;27:1212–1221. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.010.
    1. Redman L.M., Ravussin E. Caloric restriction in humans: Impact on physiological, psychological, and behavioral outcomes. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2011;14:275–287. doi: 10.1089/ars.2010.3253.
    1. Colwell C.S. Linking neural activity and molecular oscillations in the SCN. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2011;12:553–569. doi: 10.1038/nrn3086.
    1. Nakamura W., Honma S., Shirakawa T., Honma K. Clock mutation lengthens the circadian period without damping rhythms in individual SCN neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 2002;5:399–400. doi: 10.1038/nn843.
    1. Garaulet M., Gomez-Abellan P., Alburquerque-Bejar J.J., Lee Y.C., Ordovas J.M., Scheer F.A. Timing of food intake predicts weight loss effectiveness. Int. J. Obes. 2013;37:604–611. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2012.229.
    1. Sunderram J., Sofou S., Kamisoglu K., Karantza V., Androulakis I.P. Time-restricted feeding and the realignment of biological rhythms: Translational opportunities and challenges. J. Transl. Med. 2014;12:79. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-79.
    1. Damiola F., Le Minh N., Preitner N., Kornmann B., Fleury-Olela F., Schibler U. Restricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Genes Dev. 2000;14:2950–2961. doi: 10.1101/gad.183500.
    1. Manoogian E.N., Panda S. Circadian rhythms, time-restricted feeding, and healthy aging. Ageing Res. Rev. 2017;39:59–67. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.12.006.
    1. Hunter G.R., Singh H., Carter S.J., Bryan D.R., Fisher G. Sarcopenia and its implications for metabolic health. J. Obes. 2019;2019 doi: 10.1155/2019/8031705.
    1. Cava E., Yeat N.C., Mittendorfer B. Preserving healthy muscle during weight loss. Adv. Nutr. 2017;8:511–519. doi: 10.3945/an.116.014506.
    1. Villanueva J.E., Livelo C., Trujillo A.S., Chandran S., Woodworth B., Andrade L., Le H.D., Manor U., Panda S., Melkani G.C. Time-restricted feeding restores muscle function in Drosophila models of obesity and circadian-rhythm disruption. Nat. Commun. 2019;10:1–17. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10563-9.
    1. Tinsley G.M., Paoli A. Time-restricted eating and age-related muscle loss. Aging. 2019;11:8741. doi: 10.18632/aging.102384.
    1. Ren J., Hu D., Mao Y., Yang H., Liao W., Xu W., Ge P., Zhang H., Sang X., Lu X. Alteration in gut microbiota caused by time-restricted feeding alleviate hepatic ischaemia reperfusion injury in mice. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2019;23:1714–1722. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.14069.
    1. Chaix A., Lin T., Le H.D., Chang M.W., Panda S. Time-restricted feeding prevents obesity and metabolic syndrome in mice lacking a circadian clock. Cell Metab. 2019;29:303–319. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.08.004.
    1. Chaix A., Zarrinpar A., Miu P., Panda S. Time-restricted feeding is a preventative and therapeutic intervention against diverse nutritional challenges. Cell Metab. 2014;20:991–1005. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.11.001.

Source: PubMed

Спонсоры и соавторы

Заболевания

Медикаментозные вмешательства

Подписаться