Dental implant systems

Yoshiki Oshida, Elif B Tuna, Oya Aktören, Koray Gençay, Yoshiki Oshida, Elif B Tuna, Oya Aktören, Koray Gençay

Abstract

Among various dental materials and their successful applications, a dental implant is a good example of the integrated system of science and technology involved in multiple disciplines including surface chemistry and physics, biomechanics, from macro-scale to nano-scale manufacturing technologies and surface engineering. As many other dental materials and devices, there are crucial requirements taken upon on dental implants systems, since surface of dental implants is directly in contact with vital hard/soft tissue and is subjected to chemical as well as mechanical bio-environments. Such requirements should, at least, include biological compatibility, mechanical compatibility, and morphological compatibility to surrounding vital tissues. In this review, based on carefully selected about 500 published articles, these requirements plus MRI compatibility are firstly reviewed, followed by surface texturing methods in details. Normally dental implants are placed to lost tooth/teeth location(s) in adult patients whose skeleton and bony growth have already completed. However, there are some controversial issues for placing dental implants in growing patients. This point has been, in most of dental articles, overlooked. This review, therefore, throws a deliberate sight on this point. Concluding this review, we are proposing a novel implant system that integrates materials science and up-dated surface technology to improve dental implant systems exhibiting bio- and mechano-functionalities.

Keywords: compatibility; dental implant system; gradual functional materials; surface engineering; titanium materials.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Relationship between yield strength and modulus of elasticity of various biomaterials. P: polymeric materials, B: bone, D: dentin, HSP: high strength polymers (e.g., Kevlar), E: enamel, TCP: tricalcium phosphate, HAP: hydroxyapatite, TI: commercially pure titanium, TA: titanium alloys (e.g., Ti-6Al-4V), S: 304-series stainless steel, PSZ: partially stabilized zirconia, A: alumina, CF: carbon fiber.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Schematic and conceptual Ti implant with gradient mechanical and biological functions.

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