Decline in semicircular canal and otolith function with age
Yuri Agrawal, Maria Geraldine Zuniga, Marcela Davalos-Bichara, Michael C Schubert, Jeremy D Walston, Jennifer Hughes, John P Carey, Yuri Agrawal, Maria Geraldine Zuniga, Marcela Davalos-Bichara, Michael C Schubert, Jeremy D Walston, Jennifer Hughes, John P Carey
Abstract
Objective: To characterize the physiologic nature of the vestibular dysfunction that occurs with the normative aging process.
Study design: Cross-sectional study.
Setting: Tertiary care academic medical center.
Patients: Fifty individuals age 70 years and above.
Interventions: Head thrust dynamic visual acuity testing and cervical and ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) testing.
Main outcome measures: Semicircular canal function measured by head thrust dynamic visual acuity testing in each of the 3 semicircular canal planes, and saccular and utricular function measured by cervical VEMP and ocular VEMP testing, respectively.
Results: We observed significant declines in semicircular canal function in each of the canal planes as well as otolith function associated with aging. We found that individuals with impaired horizontal and superior semicircular canal function also were likely to have concomitant deficits in utricular but not saccular function. Overall, we noted that the prevalence of semicircular canal dysfunction was highest followed by saccular then utricular impairment, although we did observe individuals with isolated otolith deficits.
Conclusion: These data suggest an overall decline in semicircular canal as well as otolith function associated with aging, although the magnitude of impairment was greater for the semicircular canals than the otoliths in this elderly population. A better understanding of the specific vestibular deficits that occur with aging can inform the development of rational screening, vestibular rehabilitation, and fall risk reduction strategies in older individuals.
Figures
![Figure 1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3376350/bin/nihms-369164-f0001.jpg)
Figure 2
Head thrust dynamic visual acuity…
Figure 2
Head thrust dynamic visual acuity in the superior semicircular canal plane by age.…
Figure 3
Head thrust dynamic visual acuity…
Figure 3
Head thrust dynamic visual acuity in the posterior semicircular canal plane by age.…
Figure 4
Cervical VEMP amplitudes (as a…
Figure 4
Cervical VEMP amplitudes (as a measure of saccular function) by age. Overall differences…
Figure 5
Ocular VEMP amplitudes (as a…
Figure 5
Ocular VEMP amplitudes (as a measure of utricular function) by age. Overall differences…
Figure 6
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes…
Figure 6
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes as a function of quartiles of head thrust…
Figure 7
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes…
Figure 7
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes as a function of quartiles of head thrust…
Figure 8
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes…
Figure 8
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes as a function of quartiles of head thrust…
Figure 9
Right and left-sided vestibular abnormalities…
Figure 9
Right and left-sided vestibular abnormalities by end-organ in each of the 50 subjects.…
Figure 10
Prevalence (%) of vestibular abnormalities…
Figure 10
Prevalence (%) of vestibular abnormalities by end-organ. SCC: semicircular canal.
- Association between hearing loss and saccular dysfunction in older individuals.Zuniga MG, Dinkes RE, Davalos-Bichara M, Carey JP, Schubert MC, King WM, Walston J, Agrawal Y. Zuniga MG, et al. Otol Neurotol. 2012 Dec;33(9):1586-92. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e31826bedbc. Otol Neurotol. 2012. PMID: 23064383 Free PMC article.
- Perspectives for the comprehensive examination of semicircular canal and otolith function.Clarke AH. Clarke AH. Biol Sci Space. 2001 Dec;15(4):393-400. doi: 10.2187/bss.15.393. Biol Sci Space. 2001. PMID: 12101365 Review.
- Neural basis of new clinical vestibular tests: otolithic neural responses to sound and vibration.Curthoys IS, Vulovic V, Burgess AM, Manzari L, Sokolic L, Pogson J, Robins M, Mezey LE, Goonetilleke S, Cornell ED, MacDougall HG. Curthoys IS, et al. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2014 May;41(5):371-80. doi: 10.1111/1440-1681.12222. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2014. PMID: 24754528 Review.
- Effect of aging on the otolith-ocular reflex.Furman JM, Redfern MS. Furman JM, et al. J Vestib Res. 2001;11(2):91-103. J Vestib Res. 2001. PMID: 11847453
- Input-output functions of vestibular afferent responses to air-conducted clicks in rats.Zhu H, Tang X, Wei W, Maklad A, Mustain W, Rabbitt R, Highstein S, Allison J, Zhou W. Zhu H, et al. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol. 2014 Feb;15(1):73-86. doi: 10.1007/s10162-013-0428-6. Epub 2013 Dec 3. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol. 2014. PMID: 24297262 Free PMC article.
- Spatial orientation, postural control and the vestibular system in healthy elderly and Alzheimer's dementia.Chepisheva MK. Chepisheva MK. PeerJ. 2023 May 2;11:e15040. doi: 10.7717/peerj.15040. eCollection 2023. PeerJ. 2023. PMID: 37151287 Free PMC article. Review.
- Molecular and Functional Changes to Postsynaptic Cholinergic Signaling in the Vestibular Sensory Organs of Aging C57BL/6 Mice.Poppi LA, Bigland MJ, Cresswell ET, Tabatabaee H, Lorincz D, Drury HR, Callister RJ, Holt JC, Lim R, Brichta AM, Smith DW. Poppi LA, et al. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2023 Jun 1;78(6):920-929. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glad067. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2023. PMID: 36840917 Free PMC article.
- Association between age-related hearing loss and gait disorders in older fallers.Teplitxky A, Gautier J, Lievre M, Duval G, Annweiler C, Boucher S. Teplitxky A, et al. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2023 Apr;35(4):785-791. doi: 10.1007/s40520-023-02350-w. Epub 2023 Feb 14. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2023. PMID: 36786968
- Vestibulo-spatial navigation: pathways and sense of direction.Zachou A, Bronstein AM. Zachou A, et al. J Neurophysiol. 2023 Mar 1;129(3):672-684. doi: 10.1152/jn.00422.2022. Epub 2023 Feb 8. J Neurophysiol. 2023. PMID: 36752494 Free PMC article.
- Age differences in spatial memory are mitigated during naturalistic navigation.Hill PF, McAvan AS, Garren JD, Grilli MD, Barnes CA, Ekstrom AD. Hill PF, et al. bioRxiv. 2023 Jan 24:2023.01.23.525279. doi: 10.1101/2023.01.23.525279. Preprint. bioRxiv. 2023. PMID: 36747699 Free PMC article.
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging / physiology*
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Otolithic Membrane / physiology*
- Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular / physiology*
- Semicircular Canals / physiology*
- Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials / physiology
- Vestibular Function Tests
- Full Text Sources
- Medical
NCBI Literature Resources
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
![Figure 2](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3376350/bin/nihms-369164-f0002.jpg)
Figure 3
Head thrust dynamic visual acuity…
Figure 3
Head thrust dynamic visual acuity in the posterior semicircular canal plane by age.…
Figure 4
Cervical VEMP amplitudes (as a…
Figure 4
Cervical VEMP amplitudes (as a measure of saccular function) by age. Overall differences…
Figure 5
Ocular VEMP amplitudes (as a…
Figure 5
Ocular VEMP amplitudes (as a measure of utricular function) by age. Overall differences…
Figure 6
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes…
Figure 6
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes as a function of quartiles of head thrust…
Figure 7
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes…
Figure 7
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes as a function of quartiles of head thrust…
Figure 8
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes…
Figure 8
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes as a function of quartiles of head thrust…
Figure 9
Right and left-sided vestibular abnormalities…
Figure 9
Right and left-sided vestibular abnormalities by end-organ in each of the 50 subjects.…
Figure 10
Prevalence (%) of vestibular abnormalities…
Figure 10
Prevalence (%) of vestibular abnormalities by end-organ. SCC: semicircular canal.
- Association between hearing loss and saccular dysfunction in older individuals.Zuniga MG, Dinkes RE, Davalos-Bichara M, Carey JP, Schubert MC, King WM, Walston J, Agrawal Y. Zuniga MG, et al. Otol Neurotol. 2012 Dec;33(9):1586-92. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e31826bedbc. Otol Neurotol. 2012. PMID: 23064383 Free PMC article.
- Perspectives for the comprehensive examination of semicircular canal and otolith function.Clarke AH. Clarke AH. Biol Sci Space. 2001 Dec;15(4):393-400. doi: 10.2187/bss.15.393. Biol Sci Space. 2001. PMID: 12101365 Review.
- Neural basis of new clinical vestibular tests: otolithic neural responses to sound and vibration.Curthoys IS, Vulovic V, Burgess AM, Manzari L, Sokolic L, Pogson J, Robins M, Mezey LE, Goonetilleke S, Cornell ED, MacDougall HG. Curthoys IS, et al. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2014 May;41(5):371-80. doi: 10.1111/1440-1681.12222. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2014. PMID: 24754528 Review.
- Effect of aging on the otolith-ocular reflex.Furman JM, Redfern MS. Furman JM, et al. J Vestib Res. 2001;11(2):91-103. J Vestib Res. 2001. PMID: 11847453
- Input-output functions of vestibular afferent responses to air-conducted clicks in rats.Zhu H, Tang X, Wei W, Maklad A, Mustain W, Rabbitt R, Highstein S, Allison J, Zhou W. Zhu H, et al. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol. 2014 Feb;15(1):73-86. doi: 10.1007/s10162-013-0428-6. Epub 2013 Dec 3. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol. 2014. PMID: 24297262 Free PMC article.
- Spatial orientation, postural control and the vestibular system in healthy elderly and Alzheimer's dementia.Chepisheva MK. Chepisheva MK. PeerJ. 2023 May 2;11:e15040. doi: 10.7717/peerj.15040. eCollection 2023. PeerJ. 2023. PMID: 37151287 Free PMC article. Review.
- Molecular and Functional Changes to Postsynaptic Cholinergic Signaling in the Vestibular Sensory Organs of Aging C57BL/6 Mice.Poppi LA, Bigland MJ, Cresswell ET, Tabatabaee H, Lorincz D, Drury HR, Callister RJ, Holt JC, Lim R, Brichta AM, Smith DW. Poppi LA, et al. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2023 Jun 1;78(6):920-929. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glad067. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2023. PMID: 36840917 Free PMC article.
- Association between age-related hearing loss and gait disorders in older fallers.Teplitxky A, Gautier J, Lievre M, Duval G, Annweiler C, Boucher S. Teplitxky A, et al. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2023 Apr;35(4):785-791. doi: 10.1007/s40520-023-02350-w. Epub 2023 Feb 14. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2023. PMID: 36786968
- Vestibulo-spatial navigation: pathways and sense of direction.Zachou A, Bronstein AM. Zachou A, et al. J Neurophysiol. 2023 Mar 1;129(3):672-684. doi: 10.1152/jn.00422.2022. Epub 2023 Feb 8. J Neurophysiol. 2023. PMID: 36752494 Free PMC article.
- Age differences in spatial memory are mitigated during naturalistic navigation.Hill PF, McAvan AS, Garren JD, Grilli MD, Barnes CA, Ekstrom AD. Hill PF, et al. bioRxiv. 2023 Jan 24:2023.01.23.525279. doi: 10.1101/2023.01.23.525279. Preprint. bioRxiv. 2023. PMID: 36747699 Free PMC article.
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging / physiology*
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Otolithic Membrane / physiology*
- Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular / physiology*
- Semicircular Canals / physiology*
- Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials / physiology
- Vestibular Function Tests
- Full Text Sources
- Medical
NCBI Literature Resources
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
![Figure 3](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3376350/bin/nihms-369164-f0003.jpg)
Figure 4
Cervical VEMP amplitudes (as a…
Figure 4
Cervical VEMP amplitudes (as a measure of saccular function) by age. Overall differences…
Figure 5
Ocular VEMP amplitudes (as a…
Figure 5
Ocular VEMP amplitudes (as a measure of utricular function) by age. Overall differences…
Figure 6
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes…
Figure 6
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes as a function of quartiles of head thrust…
Figure 7
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes…
Figure 7
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes as a function of quartiles of head thrust…
Figure 8
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes…
Figure 8
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes as a function of quartiles of head thrust…
Figure 9
Right and left-sided vestibular abnormalities…
Figure 9
Right and left-sided vestibular abnormalities by end-organ in each of the 50 subjects.…
Figure 10
Prevalence (%) of vestibular abnormalities…
Figure 10
Prevalence (%) of vestibular abnormalities by end-organ. SCC: semicircular canal.
- Association between hearing loss and saccular dysfunction in older individuals.Zuniga MG, Dinkes RE, Davalos-Bichara M, Carey JP, Schubert MC, King WM, Walston J, Agrawal Y. Zuniga MG, et al. Otol Neurotol. 2012 Dec;33(9):1586-92. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e31826bedbc. Otol Neurotol. 2012. PMID: 23064383 Free PMC article.
- Perspectives for the comprehensive examination of semicircular canal and otolith function.Clarke AH. Clarke AH. Biol Sci Space. 2001 Dec;15(4):393-400. doi: 10.2187/bss.15.393. Biol Sci Space. 2001. PMID: 12101365 Review.
- Neural basis of new clinical vestibular tests: otolithic neural responses to sound and vibration.Curthoys IS, Vulovic V, Burgess AM, Manzari L, Sokolic L, Pogson J, Robins M, Mezey LE, Goonetilleke S, Cornell ED, MacDougall HG. Curthoys IS, et al. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2014 May;41(5):371-80. doi: 10.1111/1440-1681.12222. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2014. PMID: 24754528 Review.
- Effect of aging on the otolith-ocular reflex.Furman JM, Redfern MS. Furman JM, et al. J Vestib Res. 2001;11(2):91-103. J Vestib Res. 2001. PMID: 11847453
- Input-output functions of vestibular afferent responses to air-conducted clicks in rats.Zhu H, Tang X, Wei W, Maklad A, Mustain W, Rabbitt R, Highstein S, Allison J, Zhou W. Zhu H, et al. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol. 2014 Feb;15(1):73-86. doi: 10.1007/s10162-013-0428-6. Epub 2013 Dec 3. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol. 2014. PMID: 24297262 Free PMC article.
- Spatial orientation, postural control and the vestibular system in healthy elderly and Alzheimer's dementia.Chepisheva MK. Chepisheva MK. PeerJ. 2023 May 2;11:e15040. doi: 10.7717/peerj.15040. eCollection 2023. PeerJ. 2023. PMID: 37151287 Free PMC article. Review.
- Molecular and Functional Changes to Postsynaptic Cholinergic Signaling in the Vestibular Sensory Organs of Aging C57BL/6 Mice.Poppi LA, Bigland MJ, Cresswell ET, Tabatabaee H, Lorincz D, Drury HR, Callister RJ, Holt JC, Lim R, Brichta AM, Smith DW. Poppi LA, et al. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2023 Jun 1;78(6):920-929. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glad067. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2023. PMID: 36840917 Free PMC article.
- Association between age-related hearing loss and gait disorders in older fallers.Teplitxky A, Gautier J, Lievre M, Duval G, Annweiler C, Boucher S. Teplitxky A, et al. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2023 Apr;35(4):785-791. doi: 10.1007/s40520-023-02350-w. Epub 2023 Feb 14. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2023. PMID: 36786968
- Vestibulo-spatial navigation: pathways and sense of direction.Zachou A, Bronstein AM. Zachou A, et al. J Neurophysiol. 2023 Mar 1;129(3):672-684. doi: 10.1152/jn.00422.2022. Epub 2023 Feb 8. J Neurophysiol. 2023. PMID: 36752494 Free PMC article.
- Age differences in spatial memory are mitigated during naturalistic navigation.Hill PF, McAvan AS, Garren JD, Grilli MD, Barnes CA, Ekstrom AD. Hill PF, et al. bioRxiv. 2023 Jan 24:2023.01.23.525279. doi: 10.1101/2023.01.23.525279. Preprint. bioRxiv. 2023. PMID: 36747699 Free PMC article.
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging / physiology*
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Otolithic Membrane / physiology*
- Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular / physiology*
- Semicircular Canals / physiology*
- Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials / physiology
- Vestibular Function Tests
- Full Text Sources
- Medical
NCBI Literature Resources
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20894
![Figure 4](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3376350/bin/nihms-369164-f0004.jpg)
Figure 5
Ocular VEMP amplitudes (as a…
Figure 5
Ocular VEMP amplitudes (as a measure of utricular function) by age. Overall differences…
Figure 6
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes…
Figure 6
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes as a function of quartiles of head thrust…
Figure 7
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes…
Figure 7
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes as a function of quartiles of head thrust…
Figure 8
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes…
Figure 8
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes as a function of quartiles of head thrust…
Figure 9
Right and left-sided vestibular abnormalities…
Figure 9
Right and left-sided vestibular abnormalities by end-organ in each of the 50 subjects.…
Figure 10
Prevalence (%) of vestibular abnormalities…
Figure 10
Prevalence (%) of vestibular abnormalities by end-organ. SCC: semicircular canal.
- Association between hearing loss and saccular dysfunction in older individuals.Zuniga MG, Dinkes RE, Davalos-Bichara M, Carey JP, Schubert MC, King WM, Walston J, Agrawal Y. Zuniga MG, et al. Otol Neurotol. 2012 Dec;33(9):1586-92. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e31826bedbc. Otol Neurotol. 2012. PMID: 23064383 Free PMC article.
- Perspectives for the comprehensive examination of semicircular canal and otolith function.Clarke AH. Clarke AH. Biol Sci Space. 2001 Dec;15(4):393-400. doi: 10.2187/bss.15.393. Biol Sci Space. 2001. PMID: 12101365 Review.
- Neural basis of new clinical vestibular tests: otolithic neural responses to sound and vibration.Curthoys IS, Vulovic V, Burgess AM, Manzari L, Sokolic L, Pogson J, Robins M, Mezey LE, Goonetilleke S, Cornell ED, MacDougall HG. Curthoys IS, et al. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2014 May;41(5):371-80. doi: 10.1111/1440-1681.12222. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2014. PMID: 24754528 Review.
- Effect of aging on the otolith-ocular reflex.Furman JM, Redfern MS. Furman JM, et al. J Vestib Res. 2001;11(2):91-103. J Vestib Res. 2001. PMID: 11847453
- Input-output functions of vestibular afferent responses to air-conducted clicks in rats.Zhu H, Tang X, Wei W, Maklad A, Mustain W, Rabbitt R, Highstein S, Allison J, Zhou W. Zhu H, et al. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol. 2014 Feb;15(1):73-86. doi: 10.1007/s10162-013-0428-6. Epub 2013 Dec 3. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol. 2014. PMID: 24297262 Free PMC article.
- Spatial orientation, postural control and the vestibular system in healthy elderly and Alzheimer's dementia.Chepisheva MK. Chepisheva MK. PeerJ. 2023 May 2;11:e15040. doi: 10.7717/peerj.15040. eCollection 2023. PeerJ. 2023. PMID: 37151287 Free PMC article. Review.
- Molecular and Functional Changes to Postsynaptic Cholinergic Signaling in the Vestibular Sensory Organs of Aging C57BL/6 Mice.Poppi LA, Bigland MJ, Cresswell ET, Tabatabaee H, Lorincz D, Drury HR, Callister RJ, Holt JC, Lim R, Brichta AM, Smith DW. Poppi LA, et al. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2023 Jun 1;78(6):920-929. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glad067. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2023. PMID: 36840917 Free PMC article.
- Association between age-related hearing loss and gait disorders in older fallers.Teplitxky A, Gautier J, Lievre M, Duval G, Annweiler C, Boucher S. Teplitxky A, et al. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2023 Apr;35(4):785-791. doi: 10.1007/s40520-023-02350-w. Epub 2023 Feb 14. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2023. PMID: 36786968
- Vestibulo-spatial navigation: pathways and sense of direction.Zachou A, Bronstein AM. Zachou A, et al. J Neurophysiol. 2023 Mar 1;129(3):672-684. doi: 10.1152/jn.00422.2022. Epub 2023 Feb 8. J Neurophysiol. 2023. PMID: 36752494 Free PMC article.
- Age differences in spatial memory are mitigated during naturalistic navigation.Hill PF, McAvan AS, Garren JD, Grilli MD, Barnes CA, Ekstrom AD. Hill PF, et al. bioRxiv. 2023 Jan 24:2023.01.23.525279. doi: 10.1101/2023.01.23.525279. Preprint. bioRxiv. 2023. PMID: 36747699 Free PMC article.
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging / physiology*
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Otolithic Membrane / physiology*
- Reflex, Vestibulo-Ocular / physiology*
- Semicircular Canals / physiology*
- Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials / physiology
- Vestibular Function Tests
- Full Text Sources
- Medical
![Figure 5](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3376350/bin/nihms-369164-f0005.jpg)
Figure 6
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes…
Figure 6
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes as a function of quartiles of head thrust…
Figure 7
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes…
Figure 7
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes as a function of quartiles of head thrust…
Figure 8
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes…
Figure 8
Cervical and ocular VEMP amplitudes as a function of quartiles of head thrust…
Figure 9
Right and left-sided vestibular abnormalities…
Figure 9
Right and left-sided vestibular abnormalities by end-organ in each of the 50 subjects.…
Figure 10
Prevalence (%) of vestibular abnormalities…
Figure 10
Prevalence (%) of vestibular abnormalities by end-organ. SCC: semicircular canal.
![Figure 6](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3376350/bin/nihms-369164-f0006.jpg)
![Figure 7](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3376350/bin/nihms-369164-f0007.jpg)
![Figure 8](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3376350/bin/nihms-369164-f0008.jpg)
![Figure 9](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3376350/bin/nihms-369164-f0009.jpg)
![Figure 10](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/3376350/bin/nihms-369164-f0010.jpg)
Source: PubMed