Effects of an Ad Libitum Consumed Low-Fat Plant-Based Diet Supplemented with Plant-Based Meal Replacements on Body Composition Indices

Boštjan Jakše, Stanislav Pinter, Barbara Jakše, Maja Bučar Pajek, Jernej Pajek, Boštjan Jakše, Stanislav Pinter, Barbara Jakše, Maja Bučar Pajek, Jernej Pajek

Abstract

Objective. To document the effect of a diet free from animal-sourced nutrients on body composition indices. Methods. This was a nonrandomized interventional (n = 241)-control (n = 84) trial with a 10-week, low-fat, plant-based diet supplemented with two daily meal replacements. The meals were allowed to be eaten to full satiety without prespecified calorie restrictions. Control subjects received weekly lectures on the rationale and expected benefits of plant-based nutrition. Body composition indices were measured with bioimpedance analysis. Results. Relative to controls, in cases, postintervention body fat percentage was reduced by 4.3 (95% CI 4.1-4.6)% points (a relative decrement of -13.4%), visceral fat by 1.6 (95% CI 1.5-1.7) fat cross-sectional surface units, and weight by 5.6 kg (95% CI 5.2-6), while muscle mass was reduced by 0.3 kg (95% CI 0.06-0.5) with a relative increase of muscle mass percentage of 4.2 (3.9-4.4)% points. Analysis of covariance showed significantly larger adjusted fat reductions in cases compared to controls. Late follow-up revealed further weight loss in 60% of cases and no significant change in controls. Conclusions. Low-fat, plant-based diet in free-living nonresidential conditions eaten ad libitum enables significant and meaningful body fat reductions with relative preservation of muscle mass. This trial is registered with NCT02906072, ClinicalTrials.gov.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Participant flow through study phases. †Late follow-up was done at the median period of 17.4 months after finish of the dietary intervention; 31 subjects from control group and 144 subjects from intervention group responded and revealed their current body weight; ‡150 participants from both groups did not respond or did not want to reveal their current weight.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Weight change of cases and controls at the late follow-up. First tertile of follow-up was 0–13 months after the end of the program and second tertile 13–25 months. ∗p < 0.05 for the difference between cases and controls in the same tertile. Error bars denote 95% confidence intervals.

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