Individual responsiveness to exercise-induced fat loss is associated with change in resting substrate utilization

Nicholas D Barwell, Dalia Malkova, Melanie Leggate, Jason M R Gill, Nicholas D Barwell, Dalia Malkova, Melanie Leggate, Jason M R Gill

Abstract

Fat loss in response to exercise training varies between individuals, even when differences in compliance to the exercise program are accounted for. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether individual variation in change in fasting respiratory quotient (RQ) after exercise training contributes to this interindividual variability. Fifty-five premenopausal women participated in a 7-week endurance-type exercise training program; and fitness, body composition, and resting substrate utilization and metabolic rate in the fasted state were assessed at baseline and postintervention. Total net energy expenditure of the exercise intervention (exEE) was determined from heart rate obtained in all exercise sessions and individualized calibration of the heart rate vs oxygen uptake relationship. Dietary intake and physical activity (by constant heart rate monitoring) were assessed at baseline and during the final week of the intervention. Mean change in fat mass for the group was -0.97 kg (range, +2.1 to -5.3 kg). The strongest correlate of change in fat mass was exEE (r = 0.60, P < .0005). Change in fasting RQ correlated significantly (r = -0.26, P = .05) with the residual for change in fat mass after adjusting for the effects of both exEE and change in energy intake, explaining 7% of the variance. In multiple regression analysis, exEE (P < .0005) and change in fasting RQ (P = .02) were the only statistically significant independent predictors of change in fat mass, together explaining 40.2% of the variance. Thus, fat loss in response to exercise training depends not only on exercise energy expenditure but also on exercise training-induced changes in RQ at rest. This suggests that development of strategies to maximize the change in resting fat oxidation in response to an exercise training program may help individuals to maximize exercise-induced fat loss.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Changes in fat mass for each of the 55 women in the study (top panel). Residual change in fat mass after adjustment for the net total energy expenditure of exercise (middle panel). Residual change in fat mass after adjustment for the net total energy expenditure of exercise and change in energy intake over the intervention (bottom panel). For all 3 panels, subjects ranked in order of change in unadjusted fat mass.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Scattergram showing the relationship between change in fasting RQ and residual change in fat mass, adjusted for the effects of net energy expenditure of exercise and change in energy intake (N = 55; r and P values for Pearson product-moment correlations).

References

    1. King N.A., Hopkins M., Caudwell P., Stubbs R.J., Blundell J.E. Individual variability following 12 weeks of supervised exercise: identification and characterization of compensation for exercise-induced weight loss. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32:177–184.
    1. Byrne N.M., Meerkin J.D., Laukkanen R., Ross R., Fogelholm M., Hills A.P. Weight loss strategies for obese adults: personalized weight management program vs. standard care. Obesity. 2006;14:1777–1788.
    1. Snyder K.A., Donnelly J.E., Jabobsen D.J., Hertner G., Jakicic J.M. The effects of long-term, moderate intensity, intermittent exercise on aerobic capacity, body composition, blood lipids, insulin and glucose in overweight females. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1997;21:1180–1189.
    1. McTiernan A., Sorensen B., Irwin M.L., Morgan A., Yasui Y., Rudolph R.E. Exercise effect on weight and body fat in men and women. Obesity. 2007;15:1496–1512.
    1. Colley R.C., Hills A.P., O'Moore-Sullivan T.M., Hickman I.J., Prins J.B., Byrne N.M. Variability in adherence to an unsupervised exercise prescription in obese women. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32:837–844.
    1. King N.A., Caudwell P., Hopkins M., Byrne N.M., Colley R., Hills A.P. Metabolic and behavioral compensatory responses to exercise interventions: barriers to weight loss. Obesity. 2007;15:1373–1383.
    1. Goran M.I., Poehlman E.T. Endurance training does not enhance total energy expenditure in healthy elderly persons. Am J Physiol. 1992;263:E950–E957.
    1. Kempen K.P., Saris W.H., Westerterp K.R. Energy balance during an 8-wk energy-restricted diet with and without exercise in obese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;62:722–729.
    1. Levine J.A., Eberhardt N.L., Jensen M.D. Role of nonexercise activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans. Science. 1999;283:212–214.
    1. Bouchard C., Tremblay A., Nadeau A., Dussault J., Despres J.P., Theriault G. Long-term exercise training with constant energy intake. 1: effect on body composition and selected metabolic variables. Int J Obes. 1990;14:57–73.
    1. Votruba S.B., Atkinson R.L., Hirvonen M.D., Schoeller D.A. Prior exercise increases subsequent utilization of dietary fat. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34:1757–1765.
    1. Burton F.L., Malkova D., Caslake M.J., Gill J.M.R. Energy replacement attenuates the effects of prior moderate exercise on postprandial metabolism in overweight/obese men. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32:481–489.
    1. Hansen K., Shriver T., Schoeller D. The effects of exercise on the storage and oxidation of dietary fat. Sports Med. 2005;35:363–373.
    1. Romijn J.A., Klein S., Coyle E.F., Sidossis L.S., Wolfe R.R. Strenuous endurance training increases lipolysis and triglyceride–fatty acid cycling at rest. J Appl Physiol. 1993;75:108–113.
    1. Blaak E.E., Saris W.H. Substrate oxidation, obesity and exercise training. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;16:667–678.
    1. Goodpaster B.H., Katsiaras A., Kelley D.E. Enhanced fat oxidation through physical activity is associated with improvements in insulin sensitivity in obesity. Diabetes. 2003;52:2191–2197.
    1. Seidell J.C., Muller D.C., Sorkin J.D., Andres R. Fasting respiratory exchange ratio and resting metabolic rate as predictors of weight gain: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1992;16:667–674.
    1. Marra M., Scalfi L., Covino A., Esposito-Del Puente A., Contaldo F. Fasting respiratory quotient as a predictor of weight changes in non-obese women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998;22:601–603.
    1. Zurlo F., Lillioja S., Esposito-Del Puente A., Nyomba B.L., Raz I., Saad M.F. Low ratio of fat to carbohydrate oxidation as predictor of weight gain: study of 24-h RQ. Am J Physiol. 1990;259:E650–E657.
    1. Barwell N.D., Malkova D., Moran C.N., Cleland S.J., Packard C.J., Zammit V.A. Exercise training has greater effects on insulin sensitivity in daughters of patients with type 2 diabetes than in women with no family history of diabetes. Diabetologia. 2008;51:1912–1919.
    1. Marfell-Jones M., Olds T., Stewart A. International standards for anthropometric assessment. Potchefstroom; South Africa, ISAK: 2006.
    1. American College of Sports Medicine . Williams and Wilkins; Baltimore: 1995. Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (5th ed)
    1. Frayn K.N., Macdonald I.A. Assessment of substrate and energy metabolism in vivo. In: Draznin B, Rizza R, editors. Clinical research in diabetes and obesity part I: methods, assessment, and metabolic regulation. Humana Press; Totowa NJ: 1997. pp. 101–124.
    1. Speakman J.R., Selman C., McLaren J.S., Harper E.J. Living fast, dying when? The link between aging and energetics. J Nutr. 2002;132:1583S–1597S.
    1. Westerterp K.R., Speakman J.R. Physical activity energy expenditure has not declined since the 1980s and matches energy expenditures of wild mammals. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32:1256–1263.
    1. Elia M., Stratton R., Stubbs J. Techniques for the study of energy balance in man. Proc Nutr Soc. 2003;62:529–537.
    1. Pagliassotti M.J., Gayles E.C., Hill J.O. Fat and energy balance. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997;827:431–448.
    1. Valtuena S., Sola R., Salas-Salvado J. A study of the prognostic respiratory markers of sustained weight loss in obese subjects after 28 days on VLCD. Int J Obes.Relat Metab Disord. 1997;21:267–273.
    1. Luscombe N.D., Clifton P.M., Noakes M., Farnsworth E., Wittert G. Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on weight loss and energy expenditure after weight stabilization in hyperinsulinemic subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27:582–590.
    1. Weyer C., Pratley R.E., Salbe A.D., Bogardus C., Ravussin E., Tataranni P.A. Energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and body weight regulation: a study of metabolic adaptation to long-term weight change. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:1087–1094.
    1. Pasman W.J., Westerterp M.S., Saris W.H. The effect of body weight changes and endurance training on 24h substrate oxidation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23:1223–1232.
    1. Froidevaux F., Schutz Y., Christin L., Jequier E. Energy expenditure in obese women before and during weight loss, after refeeding, and in the weight-relapse period. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;57:35–42.
    1. Westerterp K.R., Goris A.H. Validity of the assessment of dietary intake: problems of misreporting. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2002;5:489–493.
    1. Black A.E., Cole T.J. Biased over- or under-reporting is characteristic of individuals whether over time or by different assessment methods. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101:70–80.
    1. Frost C., Thompson S.G. Correcting for regression dilution bias: comparison of methods for a single predictor variable. J R Stat Soc A. 2000;163:173–189.

Source: PubMed

Спонсоры и соавторы

Заболевания

Медикаментозные вмешательства

Подписаться