Staphylococcus aureus-associated skin and soft tissue infections in ambulatory care

Linda F McCaig, L Clifford McDonald, Sanjay Mandal, Daniel B Jernigan, Linda F McCaig, L Clifford McDonald, Sanjay Mandal, Daniel B Jernigan

Abstract

To describe the number and treatment of skin and soft tissue infections likely caused by Staphylococcus aureus in the United States, we analyzed data from the 1992-1994 and 2001-2003 National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys. Each year, data were reported by an average of 1,400 physicians, 230 outpatient departments, and 390 emergency departments for 30,000, 33,000, and 34,000 visits, respectively. During 2001-2003, the number of annual ambulatory care visits for skin and soft tissue infections was 11.6 million; the visit rate was 410.7 per 10,000 persons. During the study period, rates of overall and physician office visits did not differ; however, rates of visits to outpatient and emergency departments increased by 59% and 31%, respectively. This increase may reflect the emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections.

Figures

Figure
Figure
Average rates for annual ambulatory care visits for skin and soft tissue infections, by setting, United States, 1992–1994 and 2001–2003. p

References

    1. Panlilio AL, Culver DH, Gaynes RP, Banerjee S, Henderson TS, Tolson JS, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in U.S. hospitals, 1975–1991. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1992;13:582–6. 10.1086/646432
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Four pediatric deaths from community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus —Minnesota and North Dakota, 1997–1999. JAMA. 1999;282:1123–5. 10.1001/jama.282.12.1123
    1. Chambers HF. The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus? Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:178–82. 10.3201/eid0702.010204
    1. Moran GJ, Krishnadasan A, Gorwitz RJ, Fosheim GE, McDougal LK, Carey RB, et al. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:666–74. 10.1056/NEJMoa055356
    1. Fridkin SK, Hageman JC, Morrison M, Sanza LT, Como-Sabetti K, Jernigan JA, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in three communities. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1436–44. 10.1056/NEJMoa043252
    1. Lina G, Piemont Y, Godail-Gamot F, Bes M, Peter MO, Gauduchon V, et al. Involvement of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus in primary skin infections and pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:1128–32. 10.1086/313461
    1. Vandenesch F, Naimi T, Enright MC, Lina G, Nimmo GR, Heffernan H, et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes: worldwide emergence. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:978–84.
    1. Miller LG, Perdreau-Remington F, Rieg G, Mehdi S, Perlroth J, Bayer AS, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Los Angeles. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1445–53. 10.1056/NEJMoa042683
    1. Haley RW, Cushion NB, Tenover FC, Bannerman TL, Dryer D, Ross J, et al. Eradication of endemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections from a neonatal intensive care unit. J Infect Dis. 1995;171:614–24. 10.1093/infdis/171.3.614
    1. Jernigan JA, Clemence MA, Stott GA, Titus MG, Alexander CH, Palumbo CM, et al. Control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a university hospital: one decade later. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1995;16:686–96. 10.1086/647042
    1. Stamm AM, Long MN, Belcher B. Higher overall nosocomial infection rate because of increased attack rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Infect Control. 1993;21:70–4. 10.1016/0196-6553(93)90227-U
    1. Bryant E, Shimizu I. Sample design, sampling variance, and estimation procedures for the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Vital Health Stat 2. 1988;:1–39.
    1. McCaig LF, McLemore T. Plan and operation of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Survey. Series 1: programs and collection procedures. Vital Health Stat 1. 1994;:1–78.
    1. Public Health Service and Health Care Financing Administration. International classification of diseases. 9th revision, clinical modification. 6th ed. Washington: Public Health Service; 1998.
    1. Food and Drug Administration. National drug code directory. Washington: Public Health Service; 1995.
    1. Food and Drug Administration. National drug code directory. Washington: Public Health Service; 1985.
    1. Koch H, Campbell WH. The collection and processing of drug information: National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. United States, 1980. Vital Health Stat 2. 1982;90:1–90.
    1. Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone. 2005;1037–57, 1173.
    1. Research Triangle Institute. SUDAAN. (9.0.1) [computer software]. Research Triangle Park (NC): Research Triangle Institute; 2005.
    1. Sirken MG, Shimizu I, French DK, Brock DB. Manual on standards and procedures for reviewing statistical reports. Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health Statistics; 1990.
    1. Moran GJ, Amil RN, Abrahamian FM, Talan DA. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in community-acquired skin infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:928–30.
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Methicillin-resistant. Staphylococcus aureus infections in correctional facilities—Georgia, California, and Texas, 2001–2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52:992–6.
    1. Kazakova SV, Hageman JC, Matava M, Srinivasan A, Phelan L, Garfinkel B, et al. A clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among professional football players. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:468–75. 10.1056/NEJMoa042859
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections among competitive sports participants—Colorado, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Los Angeles County, 2000–2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52:793–5.
    1. Frazee BW, Lynn J, Charlebois ED, Lambert L, Lowery D, Perdreau-Remington F. High prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in emergency department skin and soft tissue infections. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;45:311–20. 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.10.011
    1. Dominguez TJ. It's not a spider bite, it's community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2004;17:220–6. 10.3122/jabfm.17.3.220
    1. Frazee BW. Images in emergency medicine. Forearm furuncle resulting from community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Ann Emerg Med. 2005;45:244, 250.
    1. Middleton K, Hing E. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2003 outpatient department summary. Adv Data. 2005;366:1–36.
    1. Hing E, Cherry DK, Woodwell DA. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2003 summary. Advance data from vital and health statistics [cited 2006 Sep 7]. 2005;365. Available at
    1. McCaig LF, Burt CW. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2003 emergency department summary. Advance data from vital and health statistics [cited 2006 Sep 7]. 2005;358. Available at
    1. Lee MC, Rios AM, Aten MF, Mejias A, Cavuoti D, McCracken GH Jr, et al. Management and outcome of children with skin and soft tissue abscesses caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23:123–7. 10.1097/01.inf.0000109288.06912.21
    1. Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Everett ED, Dellinger P, Goldstein EJ, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1373–406. 10.1086/497143
    1. Hing E, Schappert SM, Burt CW, Shimizu IM. Effects of form length and item format on response patterns and estimates of physician office and hospital outpatient department visits. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2001. Vital Health Stat 2. 2005;139:1–32.
    1. Grayson ML. The treatment triangle for staphylococcal infections. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:724–7. 10.1056/NEJMe068152

Source: PubMed

Подписаться