Postprandial Effects of Blueberry ( Vaccinium angustifolium) Consumption on Glucose Metabolism, Gastrointestinal Hormone Response, and Perceived Appetite in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial

Kim Stote, Adele Corkum, Marva Sweeney, Nicole Shakerley, Terri Kean, Katherine Gottschall-Pass, Kim Stote, Adele Corkum, Marva Sweeney, Nicole Shakerley, Terri Kean, Katherine Gottschall-Pass

Abstract

The consumption of blueberries, as well as the phenolic compounds they contain, may alter metabolic processes related to type 2 diabetes. The study investigated the effects of adding 140 g of blueberries to a higher-carbohydrate breakfast meal on postprandial glucose metabolism, gastrointestinal hormone response, and perceived appetite. As part of a randomized crossover design study, 17 healthy adults consumed a standardized higher-carbohydrate breakfast along with 2 treatments: (1) 140 g (1 cup) of whole blueberries and (2) a placebo gel (matched for calories, sugars, and fiber of the whole blueberries). Each subject participated in two 2-h meal tests on separate visits ≥8 days apart. Venous blood samples and perceived appetite ratings using visual analog scales were obtained prior to and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after consuming the breakfast meals. Results show that glucose metabolism, several gastrointestinal hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), peptide YY (PYY) concentrations and perceived appetite did not change significantly with blueberry consumption. However, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) concentrations were statistically significantly higher (p = 0.0367), and the concentrations were higher during 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after consumption of the blueberry breakfast meal than the placebo breakfast meal. Additional research is needed to determine whether blueberries and other flavonoid-rich foods reduce type 2 diabetes risk by modifying gastrointestinal hormones and perceived appetite.

Keywords: anthocyanins; blueberries; gastrointestinal hormones; glucose metabolism; perceived appetite.

Conflict of interest statement

K.S., M.S. and K.G.-P. received grant support from the Wild Blueberry Association of North American. A.C., T.K., and N.S. reported no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
CONSORT diagram for study trial. CONSORT, Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations after consumption of the blueberries (●) or placebo gel (○) breakfast meals. Data are presented as arithmetic means ± SE, n = 17. All times points were significantly different from baseline, p < 0.05. For glucose and insulin there were no significant differences between responses from the blueberry or placebo breakfast meals.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations after consumption of the blueberries (●) or placebo gel (○) breakfast meals. Data are presented as arithmetic means ± SE, n = 17. All times points were significantly different from baseline, p < 0.05. For glucose and insulin there were no significant differences between responses from the blueberry or placebo breakfast meals.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Gastrointestinal hormone concentrations after consumption of the blueberries (●) or placebo gel (○) breakfast meals. Data are presented as arithmetic means ± SE, n = 17. All times points were significantly different from baseline, p < 0.05. For glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), and peptide YY (PYY) there were no significant differences between responses from the blueberry or placebo breakfast meals; pancreatic polypeptide (PP) responses were significantly different after consumption of the blueberry breakfast meal than the placebo breakfast meal, p < 0.05*.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Perceived appetite response after the consumption of blueberries (●) or placebo gel (○) breakfast meals. Data are presented as arithmetic means ± SE, n = 17. All times points were significantly different from baseline, p < 0.05. For hunger, fullness, desire to eat and prospective consumption, there were no significant differences between responses from the blueberry or placebo breakfast meals.

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