The Impact of Event Scale - Revised: psychometric properties of the Italian version in a sample of flood victims

Giuseppe Craparo, Palmira Faraci, Giuseppe Rotondo, Alessio Gori, Giuseppe Craparo, Palmira Faraci, Giuseppe Rotondo, Alessio Gori

Abstract

Background: This study aims to verify the main psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R) in a sample of flood victims.

Methods: The sample was composed of 262 subjects involved in the natural disaster of 2009 in the city of Messina (Italy). All participants completed the IES-R and the Dissociative Experiences Scale-II (DES-II) in order to verify some aspects of convergent validity.

Results: THE EXPLORATORY AND CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS, USED TO VERIFY THE CONSTRUCT VALIDITY OF THE MEASURE, SHOWED A CLEAR FACTOR STRUCTURE WITH THREE INDEPENDENT DIMENSIONS: intrusion, avoidance, and hyper-arousal. The goodness-of-fit indices (non-normed fit index [NNFI] = 0.99; comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.99; standardized root mean square residual [SRMR] = 0.04; and root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.02) indicated a good adaptation of the model to the data. The IES-R scales showed satisfactory values of internal consistency (intrusion, α = 0.78; avoidance, α = 0.72; hyper-arousal, α = 0.83) and acceptable values of correlation with the DES-II.

Conclusion: These results suggest that this self-reported and easily administered instrument for assessing the dimensions of trauma has good psychometric properties and can be adopted usefully, both for research and for practice in Italy.

Keywords: IES-R; PTSD; dissociation.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Impact of Event Scale – Revised empirical model (standardized solution). Abbreviations: A, avoidance; H, hyper-arousal; I, intrusion.

References

    1. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
    1. Craparo G. [Posttraumatic stress disorder]. Il Disturbo Post-Traumatico da Stress. Roma: Carocci; 2013.
    1. Lilly MM, Pierce H. PTSD and depressive symptoms in 911 telecommunicators: the role of peritraumatic distress and world assumptions in predicting risk. Psychol Trauma. 2013;5(2):135–141.
    1. Rutter LA, Weatherill RP, Krill SC, Orazem R, Taft CT. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, depressive symptoms, exercise, and health in college students. Psychol Trauma. 2013;5(1):56–61.
    1. Craparo G. Internet addiction, dissociation, and alexithymia. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2011;30:1051–1056.
    1. Franzoni E, Gualandi S, Caretti V, et al. The relationship between alexithymia, shame, trauma, and body image disorders: investigation over a large clinical sample. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:185–193.
    1. Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W. Impact of Event Scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med. 1979;41:209–218.
    1. Joseph S. Psychometric evaluation of Horowitz’s Impact of Event Scale: a review. J Trauma Stress. 2000;13:101–113.
    1. Sundin EC, Horowitz MJ. Horowitz’s impact of event scale evaluation of 20 years of use. Psychosom Med. 2003;65:870–876.
    1. Sundin EC, Horowitz MJ. Impact of Event Scale: psychometric properties. Br J Psychiatry. 2002;180:205–209.
    1. Echevarria-Guanilo ME, Dantas RA, Farina JA, Jr, Alonso J, Rajmil L, Rossi LA. Reliability and validity of the Impact of Event Scale (IES): version for Brazilian burn victims. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20(11–12):1588–1597.
    1. Aghanwa HS, Walkey FH, Taylor AJ. The psychometric cross-cultural validation of the Impact of Event Scale. Pac Health Dialog. 2003;10(2):66–70.
    1. John PB, Russell PS. Validation of a measure to assess post-traumatic stress disorder: a Sinhalese version of Impact of Event Scale. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2007;3:4.
    1. Chen SC, Lai YH, Liao CT, Lin CC. Psychometric testing of the Impact of Event Scale-Chinese Version (IES-C) in oral cancer patients in Taiwan. Support Care Cancer. 2005;13(7):485–492.
    1. van der Ploeg E, Mooren TT, Kleber RJ, van der Velden PG, Brom D. Construct validation of the Dutch version of the impact of event scale. Psychol Assess. 2004;16(1):16–26.
    1. Pietrantonio F, De Gennaro L, Di Paolo MC, Solano L. The Impact of Event Scale: validation of an Italian version. J Psychosom Res. 2003;55(4):389–393.
    1. Hendrix CC, Jurich AP, Schumm WR. Validation of the Impact of Event Scale on a sample of American Vietnam veterans. Psychol Rep. 1994;75(1 Pt 1):321–322.
    1. Weiss DS, Marmar CR. The impact of event scale – revised. In: Wilson JP, Keane TM, editors. Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD. New York: Guilford Press; 1997. pp. 399–411.
    1. Báguena MJ, Villarroya E, Beleña Á, Amelia D, Roldán C, Reig R. Propiedades psicométricas de la versión Española de la Escala Revisada de Impacto del Estressor (EIE-R) [Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Impact of Event Scale – Revised (IES-R)] Análisis y Modificación de Conducta. 2001;27(114):581–604.
    1. Brunet A, St-Hilaire A, Jehel L, King S. Validation of a French version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Can J Psychiatry. 2003;48:56–61.
    1. Wu KK, Chan KS. The development of the Chinese version of Impact of Event Scale – Revised (CIES-R) Soc Psychiatry Epidemiol. 2003;38(2):94–98.
    1. Asukai N, Kato H, Kawamura N, et al. Reliability and validity of the Japanese-Language version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R-J): four studies of different traumatic events. J Nerv Mental Dis. 2002;190(3):175–182.
    1. Sveen J, Low A, Dyster-Aas J, Ekselius L, Willebrand M, Gerdin B. Validation of a Swedish version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) in patients with burns. J Anxiety Disord. 2010;24(6):618–622.
    1. Lim HK, Woo JM, Kim TS, et al. Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Compr Psychiatry. 2009;50(4):385–390.
    1. Beck JG, Grant DM, Read JP, et al. The Impact of Event Scale – Revised: psychometric properties in a sample of motor vehicle accident survivors. J Anxiety Disord. 2008;22(2):187–198.
    1. King DW, Orazem RJ, Lauterbach D, King LA, Hebenstreit CL, Shalev AY. Factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder as measured by the impact of event scale-revised: stability across cultures and time. Psychol Trauma. 2009;1(3):173–187.
    1. Manna G, Faraci P, Como MR. Factorial structure and psychometric properties of the Sensation Seeking Scale – Form V (SSS–V) in a sample of Italian adolescents. EJOP. 2013;9(2):276–288.
    1. Triscari MT, Faraci P, D’Angelo V, Urso V. [Fear of flying: factorial structure of two questionnaires]. Paura di volare: struttura fattoriale di due questionari. Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportamentale. 2011;17(2):211–226.
    1. Faraci P, Triscari MT, D’Angelo V, Urso V. Fear of flying assessment: a contribution to the Italian validation of two self-report measures. Rev Psychol. 2011;18(2):91–100.
    1. Faraci P. LJI – Leadership Judgement Indicator. Firenze: Giunti O.S. Organizzazioni Speciali; 2011.
    1. Gori A, Giannini M, Socci S, et al. Assessing social anxiety disorder: psychometric properties of the Italian Social Phobia Inventory (I-SPIN) Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2013;10(1):37–42.
    1. Luca M, Giannini M, Gori A, Littleton H. Measuring dysmorphic concern in Italy: psychometric properties of the Italian Body Image Concern Inventory (I-BICI) Body Image. 2011;8:301–305.
    1. Carlson EB, Putnam FW. An update on the dissociative experiences scale. Dissociation. 1993;6:16–27.
    1. Gorsuch RL. Factor Analysis. Hillsdale (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc; 1983.
    1. Hair JF, Anderson RE, Tatham RL, Black WC. Multivariate Data Analysis. 4th edition. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc; 1985.
    1. Kaiser HF. A note on Guttman’s Lower Bound for the number of common factors. Br J Math Stat Psychol. 1961;14(1):1–2.
    1. Cattell RB. The scree test for the number of factors. Multivar Behav Res. 1966;1(2):245–276.
    1. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using Multivariate Statistics. 3rd edition. New York: Harper Collins; 1996.
    1. DeVellis RF. Scale Development: Theory and Applications. 2nd edition. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage Publications, Inc; 2003.
    1. Bentler PM. EQS 6 Structural Equations Program Manual. Encino (CA): Multivariate Software; 2006.

Source: PubMed

Спонсоры и соавторы

Заболевания

Медикаментозные вмешательства

Подписаться