Dengue--quo tu et quo vadis?

Rubing Chen, Nikos Vasilakis, Rubing Chen, Nikos Vasilakis

Abstract

Dengue viruses (DENV) are by far the most important arboviral pathogens in the tropics around the world, putting at risk of infection nearly a third of the global human population. DENV are members of the genus Flavivirus in the Family Flaviviridae and comprise four antigenically distinct serotypes (DENV-1-4). Although they share almost identical epidemiological features, they are genetically distinct. Phylogenetic analyses have revealed valuable insights into the origins, epidemiology and the forces that shape DENV evolution in nature. In this review, we examine the current status of DENV evolution, including but not limited to rates of evolution, selection pressures, population sizes and evolutionary constraints, and we discuss how these factors influence transmission, pathogenesis and emergence.

Keywords: arbovirus; dengue virus (DENV); evolution; mosquito; phylogenetics.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
The Transmission Cycles of Dengue Virus (DENV). The transmission cycles of DENV, depicting the sylvatic origins and the ‘zone of emergence’ where sylvatic cycles contact human populations in rural areas in West Africa and Southeast Asia. Image courtesy of Shannan Rossi, Department of Pathology, UTMB.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Dengue Virus Type 1 Phylogeny. Maximum Likelihood Tree (MLT) of DENV-1 based on complete E gene nucleotide sequences of all available naturally occurring strains (n = 1812) from GenBank. MLT was reconstructed using PAUP* version 4b10-MacOsX package [161], employed the NNI branch swapping method, and based on the best-fit nucleotide substitution model estimated by MODELTEST [162]. Bootstrap values (NJ method with 1000 replications) above 70 were labeled along the branch of major clades. The tree is mid-point rooted. Color lines represent specific geographic regions as specified within the figure.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Dengue Virus Type 2 Phylogeny. Maximum Likelihood Tree (MLT) of DENV-2 based on complete E gene nucleotide sequences of all available naturally occurring strains (n = 1827) from GenBank. MLT was reconstructed using PAUP* version 4b10-MacOsX package [161], employed the NNI branch swapping method, and based on the best-fit nucleotide substitution model estimated by MODELTEST [162]. Bootstrap values (NJ method with 1000 replications) above 70 were labeled along the branch of major clades. The tree is mid-point rooted. Color lines represent specific geographic regions as specified within figure.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
(a) Dengue Virus Type 3 Phylogeny. Maximum Likelihood Tree (MLT) of DENV-3 based on complete E gene nucleotide sequences of all available naturally occurring strains (n = 1208) from GenBank. MLT was reconstructed using PAUP* version 4b10-MacOsX package [161], employing the NNI branch swapping method, and based on the best-fit nucleotide substitution model estimated by MODELTEST [162]. Bootstrap values (NJ method with 1000 replications) above 70 were labeled along the branch of major clades. The tree is mid-point rooted. Color lines represent specific geographic regions as specified within figure. (b) Genotype V lineage discrepancies.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
(a) Dengue Virus Type 3 Phylogeny. Maximum Likelihood Tree (MLT) of DENV-3 based on complete E gene nucleotide sequences of all available naturally occurring strains (n = 1208) from GenBank. MLT was reconstructed using PAUP* version 4b10-MacOsX package [161], employing the NNI branch swapping method, and based on the best-fit nucleotide substitution model estimated by MODELTEST [162]. Bootstrap values (NJ method with 1000 replications) above 70 were labeled along the branch of major clades. The tree is mid-point rooted. Color lines represent specific geographic regions as specified within figure. (b) Genotype V lineage discrepancies.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Dengue Virus Type 4 Phylogeny. Maximum Likelihood Tree (MLT) of DENV-4 based on complete E gene nucleotide sequences of all available naturally occurring strains (n = 418) from GenBank. MLT was reconstructed using PAUP* version 4b10-MacOsX package [161], employed the NNI branch swapping method, and based on the best-fit nucleotide substitution model estimated by MODELTEST [162]. Bootstrap values (NJ method with 1000 replications) above 70 were labeled along the branch of major clades. The tree is mid-point rooted. Color lines represent specific geographic regions as specified within figure.

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