Food seeking in spite of harmful consequences is under prefrontal cortical noradrenergic control

Emanuele Claudio Latagliata, Enrico Patrono, Stefano Puglisi-Allegra, Rossella Ventura, Emanuele Claudio Latagliata, Enrico Patrono, Stefano Puglisi-Allegra, Rossella Ventura

Abstract

Background: Eating disorders are multifactorial psychiatric disorders. Chronic stressful experiences and caloric restriction are the most powerful triggers of eating disorders in human and animals. Although compulsive behavior is considered to characterize pathological excessive food intake, to our knowledge, no evidence has been reported of continued food seeking/intake despite its possible harmful consequences, an index of compulsive behavior. Brain monoamine transmission is considered to have a key role in vulnerability to eating disorders, and norepinephrine in medial prefrontal cortex has been shown to be critical for food-related motivated behavior.Here, using a new paradigm of conditioned suppression, we investigated whether the ability of a foot-shock-paired conditioned stimulus to suppress chocolate-seeking behavior was reversed by previous exposure to a food restriction experience, thus modeling food seeking in spite of harmful consequences in mice. Moreover, we assessed the effects of selective norepinephrine inactivation in medial prefrontal cortex on conditioned suppression test in stressed and caloric restricted mice.

Results: While Control (non food deprived) animals showed a profound conditioned suppression of chocolate seeking during presentation of conditioned stimulus, previously food restricted animals showed food seeking/intake despite its possible harmful consequences. Moreover, food seeking in spite of harmful consequences was prevented by selective norepinephrine inactivation, thus showing that prefrontal cortical norepinephrine is critical also for maladaptive food-related behavior.

Conclusions: These findings indicate that adaptive food seeking/intake can be transformed into maladaptive behaviors and point to "top-down" influence on eating disturbances and to new targets for therapy of aberrant eating behaviors.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Conditioned Suppression Test in Control and FD animals. Panel A. Mean (sec ± SE) time spent in chamber containing chocolate (CC) and in empty-safe chamber (E-SC) during training phase. Data are expressed as mean of four days of training. Panel B. Mean (sec ± SE) time (total time) spent in chamber containing chocolate (CC) (when the aversive CS (light) was also present in the CC) and in empty-safe chamber (E-SC) during Conditioned Suppression Test (B1) by Control and FD animals. Striped pattern show partial time spent in CC and E-SC during Test by two groups; * p < 0.005 in comparison with empty-safe chamber. Chocolate intake shown by Control and FD groups on conditioned suppression test day (B2). Data are expressed as total mean grams ± SE. $ p < 0.005 in comparison with Control group.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Conditioned Suppression Test in Sham FD and NE depleted FD animals. Panel A. Mean (sec ± SE) time spent in chamber containing chocolate (CC) and in empty-safe chamber (E-SC) during training phase. Data are expressed as mean of four days of training. Panel B. Mean (sec ± SE) time spent in chamber containing chocolate (CC) (when the aversive CS (light) was also present in the CC) and in empty-safe chamber (E-SC) in Conditioned Suppression Test (B1) by Sham FD and NE depleted FD animals. Striped pattern show partial time spent in CC and E-SC during Test by two groups; * p < 0.005 in comparison with empty-safe chamber. Chocolate intake shown by Sham FD and NE depleted FD groups on conditioned suppression test day (B2). Data are expressed as total mean grams ± SE.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Conditioned Suppression Test in Sham Control and NE depleted Control animals. Panel A. Mean (sec ± SE) time spent in chamber containing chocolate (CC) and in empty-safe chamber (E-SC) during training phase. Data are expressed as mean of four days of training. Panel B. Mean (sec ± SE) time spent in chamber containing chocolate (CC) (when the aversive CS (light) was also present in the CC) and in empty-safe chamber (E-SC) in Conditioned Suppression Test (B1) by Sham Control and NE depleted Control animals; * p < 0.005 in comparison with empty-safe chamber. Chocolate intake shown by Sham Control and NE depleted Control groups on conditioned suppression test day (B2). Data are expressed as total mean grams ± SE.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Conditioned Avoidance Test in FD animals. Mean (sec ± SE) time spent in the conditioned stimulus-paired chamber (CS-PC) and in empty-safe chamber (E-SC) by FD animals; * p < 0.05 in comparison with CS-PC.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Conditioned Avoidance Test in Sham FD and NE depleted FD animals. Mean (sec ± SE) time spent in the conditioned stimulus-paired chamber (CS-PC) and in empty-safe chamber (E-SC) by Sham and NE depleted animals; * p < 0.05 in comparison with CS-PC.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Shock sensitivity in Sham FD and NE Depleted FD animals. Mean (μA ± SE) shock threshold observed in Sham FD and NE Depleted FD animals.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Schematic time-line of the experimental procedures (experiment 1 and experiment 2).

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