Association of Sedentary Behavior with Brain Structure and Intelligence in Children with Overweight or Obesity: The ActiveBrains Project

Juan Pablo Zavala-Crichton, Irene Esteban-Cornejo, Patricio Solis-Urra, José Mora-Gonzalez, Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez, María Rodriguez-Ayllon, Jairo H Migueles, Pablo Molina-Garcia, Juan Verdejo-Roman, Arthur F Kramer, Charles H Hillman, Kirk I Erickson, Andrés Catena, Francisco B Ortega, Juan Pablo Zavala-Crichton, Irene Esteban-Cornejo, Patricio Solis-Urra, José Mora-Gonzalez, Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez, María Rodriguez-Ayllon, Jairo H Migueles, Pablo Molina-Garcia, Juan Verdejo-Roman, Arthur F Kramer, Charles H Hillman, Kirk I Erickson, Andrés Catena, Francisco B Ortega

Abstract

We investigated the associations of different sedentary behaviors (SB) with gray matter volume and we tested whether SB related to gray matter volume is associated with intelligence.

Methods: 99 children with overweight or obesity aged 8-11 years participated in this cross-sectional study. SB was measured using the Youth Activity Profile-Spain questionnaire. T1-weighted images were acquired with a 3.0 T Magnetom Tim Trio system. Intelligence was assessed with the Kaufman Brief Test. Whole-brain voxel-wise multiple regression models were used to test the associations of each SB with gray matter volume.

Results: Watching TV was associated with lower gray matter volume in six brain regions (β ranging -0.314 to -0.489 and cluster size 106 to 323 voxels; p < 0.001), playing video games in three brain regions (β ranging -0.391 to -0.359, and cluster size 96 to 461 voxels; p < 0.001) and total sedentary time in two brain regions (β ranging -0.341 to -0.352, and cluster size 897 to 2455 voxels; p < 0.001). No brain regions showed a significant positive association (all p > 0.05). Two brain regions were related, or borderline related, to intelligence.

Conclusions: SB could have the potential to negatively influence brain structure and, in turn, intelligence in children with overweight/obesity.

Keywords: Keywords: sedentariness; TV viewing; brain; childhood; cognition; magnetic resonance imaging; obesity.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Brain regions showing negative separate associations of (A) watching TV, (B) video games and (C) total sedentary time with gray matter volume in children from the ActiveBrains projects. Analyses were adjusted for sex, peak height velocity offset (years), parent education university level (neither/one/both) and body mass index (kg/m2) in model 1, and model 2 was adjusted for model 1 plus cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF, mL/kg/min). Maps were thresholded using AlphaSim at p < 0.001with k = 77 voxels for model 1 and k = 75 for model 2 for watching TV, k = 44 voxels for model 1 and k = 45 for model 2 for video games, and k = 62 voxels for model 1 and k = 46 for model 2 for total sedentary time and surpassed the Hayasaka correction (see Table 2). The color bar represents T-values, with a lighter green color indicating a higher significant association. Images are displayed in neurological convention (i.e., the right hemisphere corresponds to the right side in coronal displays). Sagittal planes represent the left hemisphere. No brain regions showed a statistically significant positive association between any sedentary behavioral variable and gray matter volume.

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