Design and Delivery Features That May Improve the Use of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Adolescents With Anxiety: A Realist Literature Synthesis With a Persuasive Systems Design Perspective

Ashley D Radomski, Lori Wozney, Patrick McGrath, Anna Huguet, Lisa Hartling, Michele P Dyson, Kathryn Bennett, Amanda S Newton, Ashley D Radomski, Lori Wozney, Patrick McGrath, Anna Huguet, Lisa Hartling, Michele P Dyson, Kathryn Bennett, Amanda S Newton

Abstract

Background: Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) is a persuasive system as its design combines therapeutic content, technological features, and interactions between the user and the program to reduce anxiety for children and adolescents. How iCBT is designed and delivered differs across programs. Although iCBT is considered an effective approach for treating child and adolescent anxiety, rates of program use (eg, module completion) are highly variable for reasons that are not clear. As the extent to which users complete a program can impact anxiety outcomes, understanding what iCBT design and delivery features improve program use is critical for optimizing treatment effects.

Objective: The objectives of this study were to use a realist synthesis approach to explore the design and delivery features of iCBT for children and adolescents with anxiety as described in the literature and to examine their relationship to program use outcomes.

Methods: A search of published and gray literature was conducted up to November 2017. Prespecified inclusion criteria identified research studies, study protocols, and program websites on iCBT for child and adolescent anxiety. Literature was critically appraised for relevance and methodological rigor. The persuasive systems design (PSD) model, a comprehensive framework for designing and evaluating persuasive systems, was used to guide data extraction. iCBT program features were grouped under 4 PSD categories-Primary task support, Dialogue support, System credibility support, and Social support. iCBT design (PSD Mechanisms) and delivery features (Context of use) were linked to program use (Outcomes) using meta-ethnographic methods; these relationships were described as Context-Mechanism-Outcome configurations. For our configurations, we identified key PSD features and delivery contexts that generated moderate-to-high program use based on moderate-to-high quality evidence found across multiple iCBT programs.

Results: A total of 44 documents detailing 10 iCBT programs were included. Seven iCBT programs had at least one document that scored high for relevance; most studies were of moderate-to-high methodological rigor. We developed 5 configurations that highlighted 8 PSD features (Tailoring, Personalization [Primary task supports]; Rewards, Reminders, Social role [Dialogue supports]; and Trustworthiness, Expertise, Authority [System credibility supports]) associated with moderate-to-high program use. Important features of delivery Context were adjunct support (a face-to-face, Web- or email-based communications component) and whether programs targeted the prevention or treatment of anxiety. Incorporating multiple PSD features may have additive or synergistic effects on program use.

Conclusions: The Context-Mechanism-Outcome configurations we developed suggest that, when delivered with adjunct support, certain PSD features contribute to moderate-to-high use of iCBT prevention and treatment programs for children and adolescents with anxiety. Standardization of the definition and measurement of program use, formal testing of individual and combined PSD features, and use of real-world design and testing methods are important next steps to improving how we develop and deliver increasingly useful treatments to target users.

Keywords: adherence; adolescents; anxiety; children; cognitive behavioral therapy; computer-assisted therapy; internet; persuasive communication; review.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: None declared.

©Ashley D Radomski, Lori Wozney, Patrick McGrath, Anna Huguet, Lisa Hartling, Michele P Dyson, Kathryn Bennett, Amanda S Newton. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 05.02.2019.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow diagram of the literature search and selection process. iCBT: internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Overview of the persuasive systems design features across the 10 internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy programs included in the synthesis.

References

    1. Arnberg FK, Linton SJ, Hultcrantz M, Heintz E, Jonsson U. Internet-delivered psychological treatments for mood and anxiety disorders: a systematic review of their efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness. PLoS One. 2014 May;9(5):e98118. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098118. PONE-D-14-08409
    1. Compton SN, March JS, Brent D, Albano AM, Weersing R, Curry J. Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for anxiety and depressive disorders in children and adolescents: an evidence-based medicine review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004 Aug;43(8):930–59.00004583-200408000-00005
    1. Albano A, Kendall P. Cognitive behavioural therapy for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders: clinical research advances. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2009 Jul 11;14(2):129–134. doi: 10.1080/09540260220132644.
    1. Seligman LD, Ollendick TH. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders in youth. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2011 Apr;20(2):217–38. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2011.01.003. S1056-4993(11)00004-6
    1. Clarke AM, Kuosmanen T, Barry MM. A systematic review of online youth mental health promotion and prevention interventions. J Youth Adolesc. 2015 Jan;44(1):90–113. doi: 10.1007/s10964-014-0165-0.
    1. Calear AL, Christensen H. Review of internet-based prevention and treatment programs for anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Med J Aust. 2010;192(11 Suppl):S12–4.cal10829_fm
    1. Richardson T, Stallard P, Velleman S. Computerised cognitive behavioural therapy for the prevention and treatment of depression and anxiety in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2010 Sep;13(3):275–90. doi: 10.1007/s10567-010-0069-9.
    1. Skinner H, Biscope S, Poland B, Goldberg E. How adolescents use technology for health information: implications for health professionals from focus group studies. J Med Internet Res. 2003 Dec 18;5(4):e32. doi: 10.2196/jmir.5.4.e32.
    1. Podina IR, Mogoase C, David D, Szentagotai A, Dobrean A. A meta-analysis on the efficacy of technology mediated CBT for anxious children and adolescents. J Rat-Emo Cognitive-Behav Ther. 2015 Nov 17;34(1):31–50. doi: 10.1007/s10942-015-0228-5.
    1. Vigerland S, Lenhard F, Bonnert M, Lalouni M, Hedman E, Ahlen J, Olén O, Serlachius E, Ljótsson B. Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016 Dec;50:1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.09.005. S0272-7358(15)30090-8
    1. Spence S, March S, Vigerland S, Serlachius E. Internet-based therapies for child adolescent emotional behavioral problems. Guid internet-based Treat psychiatry Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. pp. 197–217.
    1. Essau CA, Lewinsohn PM, Olaya B, Seeley JR. Anxiety disorders in adolescents and psychosocial outcomes at age 30. J Affect Disord. 2014 Jul;163:125–32. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.12.033. S0165-0327(13)00886-0
    1. Neil AL, Christensen H. Efficacy and effectiveness of school-based prevention and early intervention programs for anxiety. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009 Apr;29(3):208–15. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.01.002.S0272-7358(09)00003-8
    1. Donovan CL, Spence SH. Prevention of childhood anxiety disorders. Clin Psychol Rev. 2000 Jun;20(4):509–531.S0272-7358(99)00040-9
    1. Kelders SM, Kok RN, Ossebaard HC, Van Gemert-Pijnen JE. Persuasive system design does matter: a systematic review of adherence to web-based interventions. J Med Internet Res. 2012 Nov;14(6):e152. doi: 10.2196/jmir.2104. v14i6e152
    1. Chatterjee S, Price A. Healthy living with persuasive technologies: framework, issues, and challenges. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2009 Mar;16(2):171–178. doi: 10.1197/jamia.M2859. M2859
    1. Oinas-Kukkonen H, Harjumaa M. A Systematic Framework for Designing and Evaluating Persuasive Systems. PERSUASIVE 2008: Persuasive Technology; International Conference on Persuasive Technology; 2008; Oulu, Finland. Berlin, heidelberg: Springer; 2008. pp. 164–176.
    1. Fogg BJ. Persuasive technology: using computers to change what we think and do. Ubiquity. 2002 Dec 01;2002(5):-. doi: 10.1145/764008.763957.
    1. Hill C, Creswell C, Vigerland S, Nauta MH, March S, Donovan C, Wolters L, Spence SH, Martin JL, Wozney L, McLellan L, Kreuze L, Gould K, Jolstedt M, Nord M, Hudson JL, Utens E, Ruwaard J, Albers C, Khanna M, Albano AM, Serlachius E, Hrastinski S, Kendall PC. Navigating the development and dissemination of internet cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) for anxiety disorders in children and young people: a consensus statement with recommendations from the #iCBTLorentz Workshop Group. Internet Interv. 2018 Jun;12:1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.invent.2018.02.002. S2214-7829(17)30129-X
    1. Pennant ME, Loucas CE, Whittington C, Creswell C, Fonagy P, Fuggle P, Kelvin R, Naqvi S, Stockton S, Kendall T, Expert AG. Computerised therapies for anxiety and depression in children and young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Behav Res Ther. 2015 Apr;67:1–18. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2015.01.009.S0005-7967(15)00016-9
    1. Rooksby M, Elouafkaoui P, Humphris G, Clarkson J, Freeman R. Internet-assisted delivery of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for childhood anxiety: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord. 2015 Jan;29:83–92. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.11.006.S0887-6185(14)00172-8
    1. Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Farrer L. Adherence in internet interventions for anxiety and depression. J Med Internet Res. 2009;11(2):e13. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1194. v11i2e13
    1. Spence SH, Donovan CL, March S, Kenardy JA, Hearn CS. Generic versus disorder specific cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder in youth: a randomized controlled trial using internet delivery. Behav Res Ther. 2017 Dec;90:41–57. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2016.12.003.S0005-7967(16)30212-1
    1. Calear AL, Batterham PJ, Poyser CT, Mackinnon AJ, Griffiths KM, Christensen H. Cluster randomised controlled trial of the e-couch Anxiety and Worry program in schools. J Affect Disord. 2016 May 15;196:210–217. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.049.S0165-0327(15)31029-6
    1. Neil AL, Batterham P, Christensen H, Bennett K, Griffiths KM. Predictors of adherence by adolescents to a cognitive behavior therapy website in school and community-based settings. J Med Internet Res. 2009;11(1):e6. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1050. v11i1e6
    1. Calear A, Christensen H, Mackinnon A, Griffiths K. Adherence to the MoodGYM program: outcomes and predictors for an adolescent school-based population. J Affect Disord. 2013 May;147(1-3):338–344. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.036.S0165-0327(12)00803-8
    1. Pawson R, Greenhalgh T, Harvey G, Walshe K. Realist review--a new method of systematic review designed for complex policy interventions. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2005 Jul;10(Suppl 1):21–34. doi: 10.1258/1355819054308530.
    1. Pawson R, Tilley N. Realistic Evaluation. London: Sage; 1997.
    1. Wong G, Westhorp G, Manzano A, Greenhalgh J, Jagosh J, Greenhalgh T. RAMESES II reporting standards for realist evaluations. BMC Med. 2016 Dec;14(1):96. doi: 10.1186/s12916-016-0643-1. 10.1186/s12916-016-0643-1
    1. Crutzen R, Cyr D, de Vries NK. The role of user control in adherence to and knowledge gained from a website: randomized comparison between a tunneled version and a freedom-of-choice version. J Med Internet Res. 2012 Mar 09;14(2):e45. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1922. v14i2e45
    1. van Gemert-Pijnen JE, Nijland N, van Limburg M, Ossebaard HC, Kelders SM, Eysenbach G, Seydel ER. A holistic framework to improve the uptake and impact of eHealth technologies. J Med Internet Res. 2011 Dec 05;13(4):e111. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1672. v13i4e111
    1. Ludden GD, van Rompay TJ, Kelders SM, van Gemert-Pijnen JE. How to increase reach and adherence of web-based interventions: a design research viewpoint. J Med Internet Res. 2015 Jul 10;17(7):e172. doi: 10.2196/jmir.4201. v17i7e172
    1. Webb TL, Joseph J, Yardley L, Michie S. Using the internet to promote health behavior change: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of theoretical basis, use of behavior change techniques, and mode of delivery on efficacy. J Med Internet Res. 2010 Feb 17;12(1):e4. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1376. v12i1e4
    1. Gasser R, Brodbeck D, Degen M, Luthiger J, Wyss R, Reichlin S. Persuasiveness of a mobile lifestyle coaching application using social facilitation. International Conference on Persuasive Technology; May 18, 2006; Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2006. May 18, pp. 27–38.
    1. Walker JL. The use of saturation in qualitative research. Can J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2012 Apr;22(2):37–41.
    1. McHugh ML. Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochem Med. 2012 Oct;22(3):276–282.
    1. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition: DSM-5. Washington: American Psychiatric Pub; 2013.
    1. Pluye P, Gagnon M, Griffiths F, Johnson-Lafleur J. A scoring system for appraising mixed methods research, and concomitantly appraising qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods primary studies in Mixed Studies Reviews. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009 Apr;46(4):529–546. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.01.009.S0020-7489(09)00014-5
    1. Pluye P, Robert E, Cargo M, Bartlett G. Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. 2011. Jan 19, Proposal: A mixed methods appraisal tool for systematic mixed studies reviews .
    1. Pace R, Pluye P, Bartlett G, Macaulay AC, Salsberg J, Jagosh J, Seller R. Testing the reliability and efficiency of the pilot Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) for systematic mixed studies review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2012 Jan;49(1):47–53. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.07.002.S0020-7489(11)00266-5
    1. Institute of Medicine . In: Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for Preventive Intervention Research. Mrazek PJ, Haggerty RJ, editors. Washington: The National Academies Press; 1994.
    1. Connolly SD, Bernstein GA, Work Group on Quality Issues Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 Feb;46(2):267–83. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000246070.23695.06.00004583-200702000-00019
    1. Atkins S, Lewin S, Smith H, Engel M, Fretheim A, Volmink J. Conducting a meta-ethnography of qualitative literature: lessons learnt. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2008 Apr 16;8(1):21. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-8-21. 1471-2288-8-21
    1. Noblit GW, Hare RD. Meta-Ethnography: Synthesizing qualitative studies. Newbury Park, California: SAGE; 1988.
    1. Byng R, Norman I, Redfern S. Using realistic evaluation to evaluate a practice-level intervention to improve primary healthcare for patients with long-term mental illness. Evaluation. 2016 Jul 24;11(1):69–93. doi: 10.1177/1356389005053198.
    1. Pramana G, Parmanto B, Kendall PC, Silk JS. The SmartCAT: an m-health platform for ecological momentary intervention in child anxiety treatment. Telemed J E Health. 2014 May;20(5):419–427. doi: 10.1089/tmj.2013.0214.
    1. Patwardhan M. Assessing the impact of usability design features of an mHealth app on clinical protocol compliance using a mixed methods approach. Arizona State University: ProQuest Dissertations Publishing; 2016. [2018-11-28]. .
    1. Shahnavaz S. Karolinska Institutet. 2016. Dec 02, Cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents with dental phobia .
    1. Spence SH, Holmes JM, March S, Lipp OV. The feasibility and outcome of clinic plus internet delivery of cognitive-behavior therapy for childhood anxiety. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006 Jun;74(3):614–621. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.614.2006-08433-020
    1. Vigerland S, Thulin U, Ljótsson B, Svirsky L, Ost L, Lindefors N, Andersson G, Serlachius E. Internet-delivered CBT for children with specific phobia: a pilot study. Cogn Behav Ther. 2013;42(4):303–314. doi: 10.1080/16506073.2013.844201.
    1. Keller ML. An Internet Cognitive-Behavioral Skills-Based Program for Child Anxiety. Charleston, SC: Proquest, Umi Dissertation Publishing; 2011.
    1. Calear AL, Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Mackinnon A. The Y-Worri Project: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2013 Mar 19;14:76. doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-76. 1745-6215-14-76
    1. Calear AL, Christensen H, Mackinnon A, Griffiths KM, O'Kearney R. The YouthMood Project: a cluster randomized controlled trial of an online cognitive behavioral program with adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2009 Dec;77(6):1021–1032. doi: 10.1037/a0017391.2009-22711-002
    1. Vigerland S. Karolinska Institutet. 2015. Internet-delivered CBT for children with anxiety disorders: effect and prerequisites for implementation within public health care .
    1. Silfvernagel K, Gren-Landell M, Emanuelsson M, Carlbring P, Andersson G. Individually tailored internet-based cognitive behavior therapy for adolescents with anxiety disorders: a pilot effectiveness study. Internet Interv. 2015 Sep;2(3):297–302. doi: 10.1016/j.invent.2015.07.002.
    1. Calear AL, Batterham PJ, Griffiths KM, Christensen H. Generalized anxiety disorder stigma in adolescents: personal and perceived stigma levels and predictors. Stigma and Health. 2017 Aug;2(3):208–215. doi: 10.1037/sah0000046.
    1. Lipsitz JD, Markowitz JC. Mechanisms of change in interpersonal therapy (IPT) Clin Psychol Rev. 2013 Dec;33(8):1134–1147. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2013.09.002. S0272-7358(13)00128-1
    1. Spence S. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) 2011. [2017-11-15]. Factors predicting therapy outcome in online cognitive behaviour therapy (with minimal therapist assistance) in the treatment of anxiety disorders among children and adolescents .
    1. Spence S. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) 2011. [2017-11-15]. A comparison of the effects of online versus clinic-based delivery of CBT in reducing anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms among clinically anxious adolescents .
    1. Stasiak K. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) 2012. Open trial of the effectiveness of BRAVE - an internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy for children with anxiety following the Canterbury earthquakes .
    1. Spence SH. The University of Queensland. 2017. Jan 01, [2018-11-28]. BRAVE-Online - Helping young people overcome anxiety
    1. Shahnavaz S. . 2015. Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for children with dental anxiety .
    1. Serlachius E. . Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for children age 8-12 years with anxiety disorders .
    1. Serlachius E. . 2014. Internet-delivered treatment for children with anxiety disorders in a rural area; An open trial in a clinical setting .
    1. Serlachius E. . 2016. Internet-based CBT for children with anxiety disorders: implementation in clinical settings .
    1. Vigerland S. . 2016. BIP in Jämtland Härjedalen: increased access to CBT within regular health care in northern Sweden .
    1. Stockholm’s Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (BUP) 2013. [About BUP]
    1. Silk J. . 2014. Smartphones to enhance the treatment of childhood anxiety (Smart-CAT) .
    1. Parmanto B, Silk J, Pramana G. The Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) 2013. [2018-03-13]. SmartCAT: Smartphone-enhanced Child Anxiety Treatment .
    1. Keller M. Anxiety and Depression Research Center at UCLA. 2009. [2018-11-28]. Internet skills-based program for child anxiety .
    1. Keller M, Craske M. Anxiety and Depression Research Center at UCLA. 2009. Internet cognitive-behavioral skills-based program study flyer .
    1. Calear A. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) 2010. Effect of the e-coucAnxiety and Worry program on generalised anxiety disorder in an adolescent school-based population .
    1. Griffiths K, Tayler G, Christensen H. Australian National University. 2017. e-couch Self Help .
    1. Christensen H, Griffiths K. ehub Health. 2017. MoodGYM CBT training program
    1. Spence S. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) 2011. [2017-11-15]. Is disorder-specific CBT more effective than transdiagnostic CBT in reducing social phobia in the online-delivered treatment of socially phobic children and adolescents? .
    1. Spence S, Donovan C, March S, Gamble A, Anderson R, Prosser S, Kercher A, Kenardy J. Online CBT in the treatment of child and adolescent anxiety disorders: issues in the development of BRAVE-ONLINE and two case illustrations. Behav Cognit Psychother. 2008 Jun 25;36(04):411–430. doi: 10.1017/S135246580800444X.
    1. March S. Investigation of an internet-based treatment for childhood anxiety (BRAVE for Children-ONLINE): An evaluation of efficacy and factors associated with treatment outcome. St. Lucia, Queensland: The University of Queensland; 2008.
    1. March S, Spence SH, Donovan CL. The efficacy of an internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy intervention for child anxiety disorders. J Pediatr Psychol. 2009 Jun;34(5):474–487. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsn099. jsn099
    1. Stasiak K, Merry SN, Frampton C, Moor S. Delivering solid treatments on shaky ground: feasibility study of an online therapy for child anxiety in the aftermath of a natural disaster. Psychother Res. 2018 Jul;28(4):643–653. doi: 10.1080/10503307.2016.1244617.
    1. Spence SH, Donovan CL, March S, Gamble A, Anderson RE, Prosser S, Kenardy J. A randomized controlled trial of online versus clinic-based CBT for adolescent anxiety. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2011 Oct;79(5):629–42. doi: 10.1037/a0024512.2011-14202-001
    1. Anderson RE, Spence SH, Donovan CL, March S, Prosser S, Kenardy J. Working alliance in online cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety disorders in youth: comparison with clinic delivery and its role in predicting outcome. J Med Internet Res. 2012;14(3):e88. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1848. v14i3e88
    1. Conaughton RJ, Donovan CL, March S. Efficacy of an internet-based CBT program for children with comorbid High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder and anxiety: a randomised controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 2017 Aug;218:260–268. doi: 10.1016/J.JAD.2017.04.032.
    1. Vigerland S, Ljótsson B, Thulin U, Öst L, Andersson G, Serlachius E. Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for children with anxiety disorders: a randomised controlled trial. Behav Res Ther. 2016 Jan;76:47–56. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2015.11.006. S0005-7967(15)30055-3
    1. Vigerland S, Serlachius E, Thulin U, Andersson G, Larsson J, Ljótsson B. Long-term outcomes and predictors of internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety disorders. Behav Res Ther. 2017 Dec;90:67–75. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2016.12.008.S0005-7967(16)30219-4
    1. Jolstedt M, Ljótsson B, Fredlander S, Tedgård T, Hallberg A, Ekeljung A, Högström J, Mataix-Cols D, Serlachius E, Vigerland S. Implementation of internet-delivered CBT for children with anxiety disorders in a rural area: a feasibility trial. Internet Interv. 2018 Jun 01;12:121–129. doi: 10.1016/J.INVENT.2017.11.003.
    1. Silfvernagel K. Individually tailored internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy for adolescents, young adults and older adults with anxiety. Linköping, Sweden: Linköping University; 2017.
    1. Calear AL, Christensen H, Brewer J, Mackinnon A, Griffiths KM. A pilot randomized controlled trial of the e-couch anxiety and worry program in schools. Internet Interv. 2016 Nov;6:1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.invent.2016.08.003.
    1. Lentferink AJ, Oldenhuis HK, de Groot M, Polstra L, Velthuijsen H, van Gemert-Pijnen JE. Key components in eHealth interventions combining self-tracking and persuasive eCoaching to promote a healthier lifestyle: a scoping review. J Med Internet Res. 2017 Aug 01;19(8):e277. doi: 10.2196/jmir.7288. v19i8e277
    1. Wozney L, Huguet A, Bennett K, Radomski AD, Hartling L, Dyson M, McGrath PJ, Newton AS. How do eHealth programs for adolescents with depression work? A realist review of persuasive system design components in internet-based psychological therapies. J Med Internet Res. 2017 Aug 09;19(8):e266. doi: 10.2196/jmir.7573. v19i8e266
    1. Wildeboer G, Kelders SM, van Gemert-Pijnen JE. The relationship between persuasive technology principles, adherence and effect of web-based interventions for mental health: a meta-analysis. Int J Med Inform. 2016 Dec;96:71–85. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2016.04.005.S1386-5056(16)30054-5
    1. Baumel A, Yom-Tov E. Predicting user adherence to behavioral eHealth interventions in the real world: examining which aspects of intervention design matter most. Transl Behav Med. 2018 Sep 08;8(5):793–798. doi: 10.1093/tbm/ibx037.4868564
    1. Lehto T, Oinas-Kukkonen H. Persuasive features in web-based alcohol and smoking interventions: a systematic review of the literature. J Med Internet Res. 2011;13(3):e46. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1559. v13i3e46
    1. Langrial SU, Al Araimi FA. Promoting Pediatric Healthcare through Persuasive Information Systems: A Qualitative Study. PACIS 2017 Proceedings; 2017; Langkawi, Malaysia. 2017. p. 30.
    1. Anderson R. New MRC guidance on evaluating complex interventions. Br Med J. 2008 Oct 22;337:a1937.
    1. Orlowski SK, Lawn S, Venning A, Winsall M, Jones GM, Wyld K, Damarell RA, Antezana G, Schrader G, Smith D, Collin P, Bidargaddi N. Participatory research as one piece of the puzzle: a systematic review of consumer involvement in design of technology-based youth mental health and well-being interventions. JMIR Hum Factors. 2015;2(2):e12. doi: 10.2196/humanfactors.4361. v2i2e12
    1. Rooksby J, Rouncefield M, Sommerville I. Testing in the wild: the social and organisational dimensions of real world practice. Comput Supported Coop Work. 2009 Sep 3;18(5-6):559–580. doi: 10.1007/s10606-009-9098-7.
    1. Howe D, Batchelor S, Coates D, Cashman E. Nine key principles to guide youth mental health: development of service models in New South Wales. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2014 May;8(2):190–197. doi: 10.1111/eip.12096.
    1. Andersson G, Carlbring P, Berger T, Almlöv J, Cuijpers P. What makes Internet therapy work? Cogn Behav Ther. 2009 Jan;38(Suppl 1):55–60. doi: 10.1080/16506070902916400.913870867
    1. Schueller SM, Tomasino KN, Mohr DC. Integrating human support into behavioral intervention technologies: the efficiency model of support. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2016 Nov 17;24(1):27–45. doi: 10.1111/cpsp.12173.
    1. Titov N, Andrews G, Davies M, McIntyre K, Robinson E, Solley K. Internet treatment for depression: a randomized controlled trial comparing clinician vs. technician assistance. PLoS One. 2010;5(6):e10939. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010939.
    1. Martin DJ, Garske JP, Davis MK. Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: a meta-analytic review. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000 Jun;68(3):438–450.
    1. Howgego IM, Yellowlees P, Owen C, Meldrum L, Dark F. The therapeutic alliance: the key to effective patient outcome? A descriptive review of the evidence in community mental health case management. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2003 Apr;37(2):169–183.1131
    1. Mohr DC, Cuijpers P, Lehman K. Supportive accountability: a model for providing human support to enhance adherence to eHealth interventions. J Med Internet Res. 2011;13(1):e30. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1602. v13i1e30
    1. Santarossa S, Kane D, Senn CY, Woodruff SJ. Exploring the role of in-person components for online health behavior change interventions: can a digital person-to-person component suffice? J Med Internet Res. 2018 Apr 11;20(4):e144. doi: 10.2196/jmir.8480. v20i4e144
    1. Fry JP, Neff RA. Periodic prompts and reminders in health promotion and health behavior interventions: systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2009;11(2):e16. doi: 10.2196/jmir.1138. v11i2e16
    1. O'Leary K, Liu L, Mcclure J, Ralston J, Pratt W. Persuasive reminders for health self-management. AMIA Annu Symp Proc American Medical Informatics Association; 2016; Chicago, Illinois. 2016. pp. 994–1003.
    1. Lewis ZH, Swartz MC, Lyons EJ. What's the point?: A review of reward systems implemented in gamification interventions. Games Health J. 2016 Apr;5(2):93–99. doi: 10.1089/g4h.2015.0078.
    1. Merry SN, Stasiak K, Shepherd M, Frampton C, Fleming T, Lucassen MF. The effectiveness of SPARX, a computerised self help intervention for adolescents seeking help for depression: randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. Br Med J. 2012;344:e2598.
    1. Brown M, O'Neill N, van Woerden H, Eslambolchilar P, Jones M, John A. Gamification and adherence to web-based mental health interventions: a systematic review. JMIR Ment Health. 2016;3(3):e39. doi: 10.2196/mental.5710. v3i3e39
    1. Collins LM, Dziak JJ, Kugler KC, Trail JB. Factorial experiments: efficient tools for evaluation of intervention components. Am J Prev Med. 2014 Oct;47(4):498–504. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.06.021. S0749-3797(14)00325-0
    1. Collins LM, Murphy SA, Strecher V. The multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) and the sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART): new methods for more potent eHealth interventions. Am J Prev Med. 2007 May;32(5 Suppl):S112–S118. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.01.022. S0749-3797(07)00051-7
    1. Collins LM, Baker TB, Mermelstein RJ, Piper ME, Jorenby DE, Smith SS, Christiansen BA, Schlam TR, Cook JW, Fiore MC. The multiphase optimization strategy for engineering effective tobacco use interventions. Ann Behav Med. 2011 Apr;41(2):208–226. doi: 10.1007/s12160-010-9253-x.
    1. Baker TB, Gustafson DH, Shah D. How can research keep up with eHealth? Ten strategies for increasing the timeliness and usefulness of eHealth research. J Med Internet Res. 2014;16(2):e36. doi: 10.2196/jmir.2925. v16i2e36
    1. Alfonsson S, Olsson E, Hursti T. The effects of therapist support and treatment presentation on the clinical outcomes of an Internet based applied relaxation program. Internet Interv. 2015 Sep 01;2(3):289–296. doi: 10.1016/j.invent.2015.07.005.
    1. Rocha A, Camacho R, Ruwaard J, Riper H. Using multi-relational data mining to discriminate blended therapy efficiency on patients based on log data. Internet Interv. 2018 Jun 01;12:176–180. doi: 10.1016/j.invent.2018.03.003. S2214-7829(17)30076-3
    1. Moller AC, Merchant G, Conroy DE, West R, Hekler E, Kugler KC, Michie S. Applying and advancing behavior change theories and techniques in the context of a digital health revolution: proposals for more effectively realizing untapped potential. J Behav Med. 2017 Feb;40(1):85–98. doi: 10.1007/s10865-016-9818-7.10.1007/s10865-016-9818-7
    1. Eysenbach G. CONSORT-EHEALTH: implementation of a checklist for authors and editors to improve reporting of web-based and mobile randomized controlled trials. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2013;192:657–661.
    1. Sieverink F, Kelders SM, van Gemert-Pijnen JE. Clarifying the concept of adherence to eHealth technology: systematic review on when usage becomes adherence. J Med Internet Res. 2017 Dec 06;19(12):e402. doi: 10.2196/jmir.8578. v19i12e402
    1. Halko S, Kientz JA. Personality and persuasive technology: an exploratory study on health-promoting mobile applications. International conference on persuasive technology; June 7, 2010; Copenhagen, Denmark. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010. pp. 150–161.
    1. Karanam Y, Filko L, Kaser L, Alotaibi H, Makhsoom E, Voida S. Motivational affordances and personality types in personal informatics. Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct Publication; 2014; Seattle, WA. 2014. Sep 13, pp. 79–82.
    1. Xu Y, Poole E, Miller A, Eiriksdottir E, Kestranek D, Catrambone R, Mynatt E. This is not a one-horse race: understanding player types in multiplayer pervasive health games for youth. Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on computer supported cooperative work; February 11-15, 2012; Seattle, WA. ACM; 2012. Feb 11, pp. 843–852.
    1. Christensen H, Mackinnon A. The law of attrition revisited. J Med Internet Res. 2006 Sep 29;8(3):e20. doi: 10.2196/jmir.8.3.e20. v8i3e20
    1. Melville KM, Casey LM, Kavanagh DJ. Dropout from Internet-based treatment for psychological disorders. Br J Clin Psychol. 2010 Nov;49(Pt 4):455–471. doi: 10.1348/014466509X472138.bjcp840
    1. Waller R, Gilbody S. Barriers to the uptake of computerized cognitive behavioural therapy: a systematic review of the quantitative and qualitative evidence. Psychol Med. 2009 May;39(5):705–712. doi: 10.1017/S0033291708004224.S0033291708004224

Source: PubMed

Спонсоры и соавторы

Заболевания

Медикаментозные вмешательства

Подписаться