Prevalence of obesity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: study protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

Samuele Cortese, Carlos Renato Moreira Maia, Luis Augusto Rohde, Carmen Morcillo-Peñalver, Stephen V Faraone, Samuele Cortese, Carlos Renato Moreira Maia, Luis Augusto Rohde, Carmen Morcillo-Peñalver, Stephen V Faraone

Abstract

Introduction: An increasing number of clinical and epidemiological studies suggest a possible association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity/overweight. However, overall evidence is mixed. Given the public health relevance of ADHD and obesity/overweight, understanding whether and to what extent they are associated is paramount to plan intervention and prevention strategies. We describe the protocol of a systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at assessing the prevalence of obesity/overweight in individuals with ADHD versus those without ADHD.

Methods and analysis: We will include studies of any design (except case reports or case series) comparing the prevalence of obesity and/or overweight in children or adults with and without ADHD (or hyperkinetic disorder). We will search an extensive number of databases including PubMed, Ovid databases, Web of Knowledge and Thomson-Reuters databases, ERIC and CINAHL. No restrictions of language will be applied. We will also contact experts in the field for possible unpublished or in press data. Primary and additional outcomes will be the prevalence of obesity and overweight, respectively. We will combine ORs using random-effects models in STATA V.12.0. The quality of the study will be assessed primarily using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Subgroup meta-analyses will be conducted according to participants' age (children vs adults) and study setting (clinical vs general population). We will explore the feasibility of conducting meta-regression analyses to assess the moderating effect of age, gender, socioeconomic status, study setting, geographic location of the study (low-income, middle-income countries vs high-income countries), definition of obesity, method to assess ADHD, psychiatric comorbidities and medication status.

Ethics and dissemination: No ethical issues are foreseen. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at national and international conferences of psychiatry, psychology, obesity and paediatrics.

Registration: PROSPERO-National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42013006410).

References

    1. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder. 5th edn American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013
    1. World Health Organization The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines 1992; diagnostic criteria for research 1993. Geneva: WHO, 1992
    1. Biederman J, Faraone SV. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 2005;366:237–48
    1. Cortese S, Brown TE, Corkum P, et al. Assessment and management of sleep problems in youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013;52:784–96
    1. Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, et al. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:942–8
    1. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mick E. The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med 2006;36:159–65
    1. Simon V, Czobor P, Balint S, et al. Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2009;194:204–11
    1. Doshi JA, Hodgkins P, Kahle J, et al. Economic impact of childhood and adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the United States. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012;51:990–1002
    1. Le Hoa H, Hodgkins P, Postma MJ, et al. Economic impact of childhood/adolescent ADHD in a European setting: the Netherlands as a reference case. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013. doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0477-8 [epub ahead of print].
    1. Holden SE, Jenkins-Jones S, Poole CD, et al. The prevalence and incidence, resource use and financial costs of treating people with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the United Kingdom (1998 to 2010). Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2013;7:34.
    1. Qureshi IA, Mehler MF. Towards a ‘systems’-level understanding of the nervous system and its disorders. Trends Neurosci 2013;36:674–84
    1. Cortese S, Vincenzi B. Obesity and ADHD. Clinical and neurobiological implications. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2012;9:199–218
    1. Haslam DW, James WP. Obesity. Lancet 2005;366:1197–209
    1. International Obesity Taskforce (accessed 22 Nov 2013).
    1. Wang Y, Lobstein T. Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity. Int J Pediatr Obes 2006;1:11–25
    1. Wang YC, McPherson K, Marsh T, et al. Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK. Lancet 2011;378:815–25
    1. National Health Service 2012. (accessed 22 Nov 2013).
    1. National Health Service 2012. (accessed 22 Nov 2013).
    1. Popkin BM, Slining MM. New dynamics in global obesity facing low- and middle-income countries. Obes Rev 2013;14(Suppl 2):11–20
    1. Young-Hyman D, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Yanovski SZ, et al. Psychological status and weight-related distress in overweight or at-risk-for-overweight children. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:2249–58
    1. Gungor S, Celiloglu OS, Raif SG, et al. Malnutrition and obesity in children with ADHD. J Atten Disord 2013. doi:10.1177/1087054713478465 [epub ahead of print].
    1. Pagoto SL, Curtin C, Lemon SC, et al. Association between adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obesity in the US population. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009;17:539–44
    1. Waring ME, Lapane KL. Overweight in children and adolescents in relation to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from a national sample. Pediatrics 2008;122:e1–6
    1. Cortese S, Morcillo Penavler C. Comorbidity between ADHD and obesity: exploring shared mechanisms and clinical implications. Postgrad Med 2010;122:88–96
    1. Byrd HC, Curtin C, Anderson SE. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obesity in US males and females, age 8–15 years: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2004. Pediatr Obes 2013;8:445–53
    1. Dubnov-Raz G, Perry A, Berger I. Body mass index of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Neurol 2011;26:302–8
    1. Cortese S, Angriman M, Maffeis C, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2008;48:524–37
    1. Davis C. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: associations with overeating and obesity. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2010;12:389–95
    1. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ 2009;339:b2700.
    1. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA 2000;283:2008–12
    1. Brante T. More on data destruction and research misconduct in Sweden. BMJ E-letter. 2004.
    1. Cortese S, Holtmann M, Banaschewski T, et al. Practitioner review: current best practice in the management of adverse events during treatment with ADHD medications in children and adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2013;54:227–46
    1. Danese A, Tan M. Childhood maltreatment and obesity: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2013. doi:10.1038/mp.2013.54 [epub ahead of print].
    1. World Health Organization (accessed 22 Nov 2013).
    1. Rolland-Cachera MF. Childhood obesity: current definitions and recommendations for their use. Int J Pediatr Obes 2011;6:325–31
    1. Sweeting HN. Measurement and definitions of obesity in childhood and adolescence: a field guide for the uninitiated. Nutr J 2007;6:32.
    1. Juni P, Witschi A, Bloch R, et al. The hazards of scoring the quality of clinical trials for meta-analysis. JAMA 1999; 282:1054–60
    1. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. (accessed 22 Nov 2013).
    1. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 2012. (accessed 22 Nov 2013).
    1. Paulson JF, Bazemore SD. Prenatal and postpartum depression in fathers and its association with maternal depression: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2010;303:1961–9
    1. Bonoldi I, Simeone E, Rocchetti M, et al. Prevalence of self-reported childhood abuse in psychosis: a meta-analysis of retrospective studies. Psychiatry Res 2013;210:8–15
    1. Stata Corporation Statistical Software: Release 11.0. College Station, TX: Stata Corporation, 2009
    1. Cochran WG. The comparison of percentages in matched samples. Biometrika 1950;37:256–66
    1. Egger M, Davey SG, Schneider M, et al. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997;315:629–34
    1. Begg CB, Mazumdar M. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics 1994;50:1088–101
    1. Duval S, Tweddie R. A nonparametric “trim and fill” method of accounting for publication bias in meta-analysis. J Am Stat Assoc 2000;95:89–98
    1. Normand SL. Meta-analysis: formulating, evaluating, combining, and reporting. Stat Med 1999;18:321–59

Source: PubMed

Спонсоры и соавторы

Заболевания

Медикаментозные вмешательства

Подписаться