Advance Care Planning in Older Adults with CKD: Patient, Care Partner, and Clinician Perspectives

Abstract

Background: Older patients with advanced CKD are at high risk for serious complications and death, yet few discuss advance care planning (ACP) with their kidney clinicians. Examining barriers and facilitators to ACP among such patients might help identify patient-centered opportunities for improvement.

Methods: In semistructured interviews in March through August 2019 with purposively sampled patients (aged ≥70 years, CKD stages 4-5, nondialysis), care partners, and clinicians at clinics in across the United States, participants described discussions, factors contributing to ACP completion or avoidance, and perceived value of ACP. We used thematic analysis to analyze data.

Results: We conducted 68 semistructured interviews with 23 patients, 19 care partners, and 26 clinicians. Only seven of 26 (27%) clinicians routinely discussed ACP. About half of the patients had documented ACP, mostly outside the health care system. We found divergent ACP definitions and perspectives; kidney clinicians largely defined ACP as completion of formal documentation, whereas patients viewed it more holistically, wanting discussions about goals, prognosis, and disease trajectory. Clinicians avoided ACP with patients from minority groups, perceiving cultural or religious barriers. Four themes and subthemes informing variation in decisions to discuss ACP and approaches emerged: (1) role ambiguity and responsibility for ACP, (2) questioning the value of ACP, (3) confronting institutional barriers (time, training, reimbursement, and the electronic medical record, EMR), and (4) consequences of avoiding ACP (disparities in ACP access and overconfidence that patients' wishes are known).

Conclusions: Patients, care partners, and clinicians hold discordant views about the responsibility for discussing ACP and the scope for it. This presents critical barriers to the process, leaving ACP insufficiently discussed with older adults with advanced CKD.

Keywords: advance care planning; advance directives; chronic kidney disease; chronic kidney failure; disparities; ethnic minority; patient centered; qualitative; quality of life.

Copyright © 2021 by the American Society of Nephrology.

Figures

Graphical abstract

Figure 1.

Themes and subthemes reflecting barriers to advance care planning for older patients with advanced CKD in nephrology clinics: patient, carepartner, and clinician perspectives.

Figure 2.

Differences in clinician approaches to ACP: perspectives on role ambiguity and responsibility for ACP. DNR, do not resuscitate; POLST, physician orders for life-sustaining treatment; MDPOA, medical durable power of attorney.